Figure legends
Figure 1. The serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β in SFTS patients with nonfatal and fatal diseases. The serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β from SFTS patients (total 65; nonfatal (n =58) and fatal (n =7)) were analysed immediately after hospital admission. Each dot shows the cytokine concentration in an individual, and the horizontal bars indicate the respective group median.
Figure 2. The serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β between mild to moderate patients and severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients. The serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β from COVID-19 patients (total 109; mild (n =40), moderate (n =40) and severe (n =27) and critical (n =2)) were analysed immediately after hospital admission. Each dot shows the cytokine concentration in an individual, and the horizontal bars indicate the respective group median.
Figure 3. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 concentration in THP-1 cells is suppressed by the IL-10RA polyclonal antibody, and the LPS-induced TGF-β concentration in THP-1 cells is induced by the IL-10RA polyclonal antibody. Human monocyte THP-1 cells were treated with LPS (10 μg/mL), LPS plus IL-10RA polyclonal antibody (10 μg/mL) or LPS plus IL-6R polyclonal antibody for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured using human Th1/Th2/Th17 CBA kits (BD Bioscience, San Diego, CA). TGF-β was measured in the collected supernatants using a TGF-β-1 Human ELISA Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s protocols [10].
Figure 4. IL-6 concentration in SFTSV-infected THP-1 cells is suppressed by IL-10RA polyclonal antibody and TGF-β concentration in SFTSV-infected THP-1 cells is induced by IL-10RA polyclonal antibody. Human monocyte THP-1 cells were infected with SFTSV with IL-10RA polyclonal antibody for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured using human Th1/Th2/Th17 CBA kits (BD Bioscience, San Diego, CA). TGF-β was measured in the collected supernatants using a TGF-β-1 Human ELISA Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s protocols [10].
Figure 5. IL-6 concentration in SARS-CoV-2-infected THP-1 cells is suppressed by IL-10RA polyclonal antibody and TGF-β concentration in SARS-CoV-2-infected THP-1 cells is induced by IL-10RA polyclonal antibody. Human monocyte THP-1 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-2 with IL-10RA polyclonal antibody for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured using human Th1/Th2/Th17 CBA kits (BD Bioscience, San Diego, CA). TGF-β was measured in the collected supernatants using a TGF-β-1 Human ELISA Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s protocols [10].
Supplemental Figure 1. The levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α between nonfatal patients and fatal SFTS patients. The serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α from SFTS patients were analysed immediately after hospital admission. Each dot shows the cytokine concentration in an individual, and the median with its range is presented. *The concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α in all fatal patients were similar to those in nonfatal patients except one fatal patient. This fatal patient had the highest concentration of IFN-γ (3258 pg/mL) and TNF-α (51.3 pg/mL). IL-10 (145 pg/mL) and IL-6 (4106 pg/mL) levels in this fatal patient were the highest, and TGF-β (51.3 pg/mL) levels were lower than those in nonfatal patients. Therefore, the IFN-γ and TNF-α data of this fatal patient were not included in the IFN-γ and TNF-α data shown here.
Supplemental Figure 2. The levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α between mild to moderate patients and severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients. The serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α from COVID-19 patients were analysed immediately after hospital admission. Each dot shows the cytokine concentration in an individual, and the median with its range is presented.