References
1. Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis . 2022;16(2):e0010141. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141
2. Fenner F. Smallpox: emergence, global spread, and eradication.Hist Philos Life Sci . 1993;15(3):397-420.
3. Grant R, Nguyen LBL, Breban R. Modelling human-to-human transmission of monkeypox. Bull World Health Organ . 2020;98(9):638-640. doi:10.2471/BLT.19.242347
4. Vaughan A, Aarons E, Astbury J, et al. Human-to-Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, United Kingdom, October 2018. Emerg Infect Dis . 2020;26(4):782-785. doi:10.3201/eid2604.191164
5. Adler H, Gould S, Hine P, et al. Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK.Lancet Infect Dis . 2022;22(8):1153-1162. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6
6. Yong SEF, Ng OT, Ho ZJM, et al. Imported Monkeypox, Singapore.Emerg Infect Dis . 2020;26(8):1826-1830. doi:10.3201/eid2608.191387
7. Hobson G, Adamson J, Adler H, et al. Family cluster of three cases of monkeypox imported from Nigeria to the United Kingdom, May 2021.Euro Surveill . 2021;26(32):2100745. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.32.2100745
8. Gessain A, Nakoune E, Yazdanpanah Y. Monkeypox. New England Journal of Medicine . 2022;387(19):1783-1793. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2208860
9. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Poxvirus & Rabies Branch (PRB). Test Procedure: Monkeypox virus Generic Real-Time PCR Test. CDC-007-00217. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/pdf/pcr-diagnostic-protocol-508.pdf
10. CNR – Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées. Accessed April 12, 2023. https://irba.sante.defense.gouv.fr/cnr-orthopoxvirus/
11. Li Y, Zhao H, Wilkins K, Hughes C, Damon IK. Real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of monkeypox virus West African and Congo Basin strain DNA. J Virol Methods . 2010;169(1):223-227. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.012
12. Burrel S, Fovet C, Brunet C, et al. Routine use of duplex real-time PCR assays including a commercial internal control for molecular diagnosis of opportunistic DNA virus infections. J Virol Methods . 2012;185(1):136-141. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.031
13. Isidro J, Borges V, Pinto M, et al. Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus. Nat Med . Published online June 24, 2022:1-4. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01907-y
14. Katoh K, Misawa K, Kuma K, Miyata T. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform.Nucleic Acids Research . 2002;30(14):3059-3066. doi:10.1093/nar/gkf436
15. Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution . 2013;30(12):2725-2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst197
16. Isidro J, Borges V, Pinto M, et al. Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus. Nat Med . 2022;28(8):1569-1572. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01907-y
Figure 1. Phylogeny of mpox based on the analysis of selected 30,000 nucleotides from 80 sequences. The tree was resolved by maximum likelihood using the TN93 + G model of evolution. Bootstrap values are indicated at nodes. The blue circle in front of an identifier indicates the sequences resulting of this study.
This work was presented at the Conference of retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (19th to 22th February 2023), abstract n°: 0236
Funding: This work was supported by ANRS MIE, Project APP PRI 22275, Emergen-2021
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche sur le SIDA et les Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes (ANRS MIE), Medical Virology and pharmacology Network