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\begin{document}

\title{They are the best: The significance of others to emerging adults and
well-being}



\author[1]{Jeff Cookston}%
\author[1]{Victoria Chou}%
\author[1]{Qudsia Khalid}%
\author[1]{Fernanda Amaya}%
\affil[1]{San Francisco State University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


\begingroup
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
We know little about the relationships that matter to emerging adults.
This preregistered report elaborates our plan to survey 200 emerging
adults (approximately half male) to better understand the role of
significant others. First, we plan to ask emerging adults to list
individuals who matter and we will code the open-ended text for
relationship type. Second, we will use an adapted version of Schneck's
(2009) Mattering Scale to assess mattering among five common close
relationships (i.e., mother figure, father figure, partner, best friend,
sibling). We predict that mattering of partner and best friend will be
highest, mothers will matter more than fathers, and siblings will matter
least. We hypothesize failing to mention a relationship in the
open-ended portion will be related to lower mattering of that
relationship. Finally, we anticipate better well being and less
loneliness when the list of those who matter is longer and when
significant others matter more.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{They are the best: The significance of others to emerging adults
and well-being}

\textbf{Abstract}

We know little about the relationships that matter to emerging adults.
This preregistered report elaborates our plan to survey 200 emerging
adults (approximately half male) to better understand the role of
significant others. First, we plan to ask emerging adults to list
individuals who matter and we will code the open-ended text for
relationship type. Second, we will use an adapted version of Schneck's
(2009) Mattering Scale to assess mattering among five common close
relationships (i.e., mother figure, father figure, partner, best friend,
sibling). We predict that mattering of partner and best friend will be
highest, mothers will matter more than fathers, and siblings will matter
least. We hypothesize failing to mention a relationship in the
open-ended portion will be related to lower mattering of that
relationship. Finally, we anticipate better wellbeing and less
loneliness when the list of those who matter is longer and when
significant others matter more.

\emph{Keywords} : mattering, significant others, emerging adults,
wellbeing, loneliness

\textbf{They are the best: The significance of others to emerging adults
and well-being}

Mattering has been conceptualized as the sense of being important and
valued by other people (Rosenberg \& McCullough, 1981) and adolescents
who believe they matter to their parents experience less depression
(Schneck et al., 2009) and fewer severe emotional or behavioral symptoms
(Stevenson et al., 2013). However, while Henry Stack Sullivan directed
attention to ``significant others'' over 70 years ago (Interpersonal
Theory of Psychiatry, 1953), we know considerably less about
relationships that matter to emerging adults, a developmental period
known for its focus on peer and romantic relationships (Er\selectlanguage{ngerman}çelik \&
Dost-Gözkan, 2020). For the research that has been conducted on emerging
adults and their parents, most has focused on the process of gaining
autonomy as they become more independent (Assor et al., 2021). There is
an existing body of research on the construct of how one perceives
themselves to matter to others, but less is known about how emerging
adults perceive significant others as individuals who matter and have
value in their lives. In the current study, we will find out who matters
to emerging adults, and we will ask emerging adults to evaluate how much
some common close relationship (i.e., mother figure, father figure,
closest-in-age sibling, partner, best friend) matter.

Emerging adulthood marks a time when individuals are transitioning into
adulthood, becoming increasingly self-reliant, and more capable of
maintaining mature relationships (Lindell et al., 2017). During this
transitional period, emerging adults tend to think more about their
futures as well as their place in society. They may become more
selective with their relationships, choosing to maintain the
relationship they feel are supportive and are complementary to their
growth as individuals (Assor et al., 2021). Relationships with family
members may also change during this transitional period, as many
emerging adults move away from home to attend university or to work away
from home. If emerging adults are moving away from family to live in
environments where they are surrounded by peers their age, it may be
that they develop closer bonds with those friends due to proximity and
shared interests. For all of these reasons, we have elected to examine
perceived mattering of relationships among emerging adults.

To the best of our~knowledge, no prior studies have examined the
significant others in the lives of emerging adults. As a result, in this
study we will ask emerging adults to generate a list of the individuals
in their lives who matter the most to them. We plan to ask for an
open-ended list to capture the diversity of relationships that might
occur to the emerging adults. Regardless of the kinds of relationships
mentioned, we hypothesize that when participants generate a longer list
of people who matter to them, they will have better wellbeing and less
loneliness.

Additionally, we are also interested in whether five common close
relationships (i.e., mother, father, sibling closest in age, partner,
best friend) in their lives might similarly be related to wellbeing and
loneliness. We have chosen to focus on these five common close
relationships because of the emphasis in prior research highlighting the
importance of these relationships during emerging adulthood. Next, we
review evidence for the common close relationships of mother and father
figures, best friends, siblings, and romantic partners.

\textbf{Mother}

As emerging adults leave their family homes, their relationships with
parental figures change. In examining relationships between emerging
adults and their mothers, perceived meeting of basic psychological needs
in that relationship was related to higher identity achievement (Erçelik
\& Dost-Gözkan, 2020). Because emerging adulthood is linked to identity
formation, examining maternal relationships during this transitional
period can be informative and significant. As emerging adults are
getting older, their mothers are also getting older. Aging can bring
changes to their relationships with their mothers. It would be fruitful
to investigate whether these changes impact perceived mattering of the
relationship, and how the perceived mattering of this relationship
differs from perceived mattering of relationships with father figures.
As the emotional climate of mother-child relationships influences how
children develop prosocial tendencies as they mature, evaluating the
closeness of this particular relationship may provide insight into the
way in which emerging adults form close relationships with others (Barry
et al., 2007). We aim to explore the patterns that emerge when emerging
adults are asked to list people who matter the most to them, and whether
they might list more people if they perceive their relationship with
their mother to be very important to them.

\textbf{Father}

Parental figures play a pivotal role throughout a child's growth and
development. Research has shown that parents have observed significant
changes in their relationships with their child as soon as they
transition into emerging adulthood (Jablonski \& Martino, 2013). These
include either the growing distance among the parent-child relationship
or the closeness with each other. Jablonski \& Martino (2013) examined
the perspectives of parents and emerging adults on communication styles,
and provided evidence that some of the fathers reported closeness to
their children as they could be engaged more in conversation as an
``equal'' and share more common interests. However, fewer studies have
considered the unique effect of fathers and the changes in the
relationship from the perspective of an emerging adult. However, it has
been found that for emerging adults, relationship anxiety with fathers
and avoidance with romantic partners were reciprocally related (Suh \&
Fabricius, 2020). This association was not found with mothers, which
highlights an interesting aspect of the importance fathers hold in
emerging adults' lives and how their relationships with their fathers
can influence other significant relationships. Therefore, investigating
the perceived mattering of the father-child relationship and the
variance due to gender could provide an instrumental insight on the
relationships that are important and valued by emerging adults.

\textbf{Sibling}

We anticipate emerging adults may be likely to include siblings on their
list of people who matter to them. Siblings help shape individuals'
social contexts; they are family, yet they are also peers (Buhrmester \&
Furman, 1990). Particularly, the sibling relationship is noteworthy and
eccentric and tends to be one of the longest familial relations.
Although sibling relationships witness several developmental periods,
during emerging adulthood siblings often become sources of
companionship, support, and warmth (Scharf et al., 2005). Additionally,
siblings' relative age and gender are not related to the quality of the
relationship for emerging adults (Buhrmester \& Furman, 1990).
Considering how factors other than age and gender can enforce stronger
bonds may be worth further investigation. Examining whether emerging
adults consider their sibling as the ones who matter to them the most
will allow us to better understand the meaning these individuals
prescribe to those relationships.

\textbf{Best friend}

Closeness of friendships and friendship quality have been associated
with social skills among emerging adults (Demir et al., 2012).
Additionally, emerging adults may grow closer to long-time friends as
intimacy develops during adolescence and promotes feelings of closeness
among friends (Radmacher \& Azmitia, 2006). While young adults perceive
basic support for their psychological needs from their parents, they
tend to perceive more support in their relationships with their best
friends (Erçelik \& Dost-Gözkan, 2020). This may be because best friends
are of a similar age, and may be sharing the experience of becoming
emerging adults. Because of this shared experience and growing
closeness, examining best friend relationships with respect to perceived
mattering of the relationship may provide some important insights about
what emerging adults value in their relationships with others,
particularly for those who are not in romantic relationships. Emerging
adults' capacity to form such close friendships may also be an
indication of high perceptions of mattering of extra-familial chosen
relationships.

\textbf{Partner}

Romantic partners play an important role in emerging adults' developing
relationships (Marshall, 2004). Individuals have the opportunity to grow
into adulthood alongside a romantic partner who is at a similar stage in
life. This is key, as both individuals provide love and support to each
other throughout this stage of transition (Schieman \& Taylor, 2001).
The security that accompanies these relationships can result in higher
levels of perceived mattering, and in turn, can influence the
individuals' investment in and satisfaction in the relationship
(Marshall, 2004). Although there is generally more research on romantic
partners of emerging adults, especially when compared to family
relationships, there still are gaps in our understanding of how these
relationships are perceived (Mak \& Marshall, 2004). While most research
on mattering has focused on how emerging adults feel they are important
to romantic partners, there has not been much research investigating how
they place importance on those relationships and perceive them to
matter.

\textbf{Hypotheses}

We will test the following hypotheses:

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  A longer list of relationships that matter will be associated with
  better well-being.
\item
  A longer list of relationships that matter will be associated with
  less loneliness.
\item
  When specified relationships (mother, father, sibling, partner, best
  friend) matter more to a person, that person will have less loneliness
  and better well-being.
\item
  If a specified relationship is not included on the list of
  relationships that matter, that relationship will have a lower
  mattering score when participants are asked to indicate how much a
  person matters.
\end{enumerate}

Research questions for which no directional hypotheses are offered:

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Are the lists of men and women approximately equal?
\item
  Which relationships are mentioned most often in the list of
  relationships that matter?
\item
  When given the chance to indicate how the list of relationships that
  matter changes over time, which relationships are more likely to move
  onto or off of the list?
\end{enumerate}

\textbf{Method}

\textbf{Participants}

Participants will be 200 undergraduate students attending a university
in the pacific northwest who will receive course credit for their
involvement in the story. Due to the exploratory nature of our work, we
chose college students largely for convenience but also because emerging
adulthood is a transitionary phase of individuation and growth. We are
interested in exploring the variability in these individuals'
perceptions of mattering relationships, considering that some still live
with family while others have moved away.

\textbf{Procedures}

First, participants will provide data via an online survey hosted by
Qualtrics. Participants are eligible to participate if they were above
the age of 18 and felt comfortable completing the survey in English.
Second, participants will be asked to answer yes or \emph{no} to the
following prompt: ``We would like for you to list the people who are
very important to you. These are people who matter most to you. We want
to know who is important to you. Please list the people who you value,
who you care about the most, and who you want to spend time with. These
are essential people in your life. Is there someone in your life who
meets this description?'' This is so that participants who feel they did
not have anyone important in their lives would be taken to the end of
the survey. Third, participants will be asked to generate a list of all
of the people who matter to them. A description will be provided to help
participants distinguish those who matter to them from those who are
merely friendly. To help with this distinction, they will be provided
with the following prompt: ``Please list the people who you value, who
you care about the most, and who you want to spend time with. These are
essential people in your life. Please don't use their names but tell us
how they are related to you (e.g., stepdad, older cousin, next door
neighbor).''

Participants will be asked to list one relationship at a time. They will
also be given the option to not list any relationships and move forward
in the survey. Moving forward, we will refer to the list of names
generated in the second stage of the study as \emph{the list} and is
short for what each participant considers to be \emph{the list of
individuals who matter to me} . Fourth, after providing their lists,
participants will be asked to think about what their list may have
looked like one year into the past and specifically, of any people on
their list who may have moved up since that time. Fifth, they will be
asked to think about people who may have been on their list a year ago
but were no longer listed. Sixth, participants will let us know whether
they were in contact with the five common close relationships we listed
in the introduction. Specifically, participants will be asked to
respond\emph{yes} or \emph{not really} to the following prompt: ``The
next set of questions will ask about your relationship with five
different people who may or may not be in your life. Specifically, we
will ask questions about your mother figure, your father figure, a
sibling or step-sibling, a partner, and a best friend. Before we show
you those questions, is there someone in your life who comes to mind who
fulfills each role?'' For each of the five relationships, participants
can indicate \emph{yes}or \emph{not really} .

Seventh, for each common close relationship that received a yes
response, participants will complete the eight-item mattering scale. The
mattering scales will be randomized among common close relationship
targets. Participants will respond to the mattering scale from zero to
five times depending on the number of common close relationships in the
lives of the participants. Eighth, participants will complete the Diener
Wellbeing Scale (1984) and the 3-item UCLA Loneliness scale (1978).
Ninth, participants will answer three questions pertaining to
experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic to gain a broader understanding
of their experiences during this time. Tenth and finally, participants
will be asked to answer several demographic questions. We will ask
questions about the university they attend, their ethnicity, their
gender, and their level of education attainment. We also asked a
question about their romantic relationship status and their parents'
relationship status.

\textbf{Measures}

Significant other mattering

To assess how much significant others matter to participants, we adapted
the mattering scale of Schneck et al (2009). The original 7-item
mattering scale was completed by adolescents and assessed how much the
adolescent felt they mattered to their mother and father. Items included
``I believe I really matter to my dad'' and ``I am one of the most
important things in the world to my dad.'' For the purposes of this
study, we adapted the item to measure a perception of how much
significant others matter to the participant. For example, ``My dad
really matters to me'' and ``My dad is one of the most important things
in the world to me.'' Separate scales will be created for mothers,
fathers, a sibling, a best friend, and a romantic partner. Items will be
scaled from 1 (\emph{strongly disagree} ) to 5 (\emph{strongly agree} ).
Some items will be reverse coded so higher scores could indicate the
significant other matters more to the participant. (See Appendix for
scales that will be used to measure significant other mattering.)

In our survey, we will also be using broader terms for mothers and
fathers, specifically referring to those relationships as ``mother
figure'' and ``father figure''. This is to be inclusive to participants
who may not have biological parents, but may have people in their lives
who fulfill those roles.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
Mattering Scale (Schneck et al., 2009) & Adapted Mattering Scale
(2022)\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
1. My (target parent) really cares about me. & 1. I really care about my
(target relationship).\tabularnewline
2. I believe I really matter to my (target parent). & 2. My (target
relationship) really matters to me.\tabularnewline
3. I think my (target parent) cares about other people more than me. &
3. I think I care about other people more than my (target
relationship).\tabularnewline
4. I'm not that important to my (target parent) & 4. My (target
relationship) is not that important to me.\tabularnewline
5. There are a lot of things in my (target parent)'s life that matter
more to him/her than I do & 5. There are a lot of things in my life that
matter more to me than my (target relationship).\tabularnewline
6. I know my (target parent) loves me & 6. I know I love my (target
relationship).\tabularnewline
7. I am one of the most important things in the world to my (target
parent) & 7. My (target relationship) is one of the most important
things in the world to me.\tabularnewline
8. I sometimes wonder if my (target parent) wants me around. & 8. I
sometimes wonder if I want my (dad/step-dad) around\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Well-being

To assess well-being, we used the Diener (1984) 8-item scale. The items
in this scale focus on overall happiness, life satisfaction, and
positive affect, and a total mean score was estimated such that higher
scores indicated better well-being.

Loneliness

We used the adapted UCLA loneliness scale (1978), a 3-item scale used to
measure various dimensions of loneliness. These include social and
relational connectedness, and perceived isolation. Higher mean scores
indicated more loneliness.

\textbf{Analysis Plan}

Due to the exploratory and descriptive nature of the data we will
collect, analyses will involve both qualitative data coding, hypothesis
testing, and descriptive analyses. First, we will ask participants to
confirm whether there is someone who meets the description of being
important in their life. If the participant confirms they do have
someone like this in their life, we then ask them to generate a list of
people who matter to them the most. They will be able to list up to
twenty people. In our instructions, we will specify that they should
list relationships and do not provide any names (i.e., father,
neighbor). Next, we ask the participants to think about these five
specific relationships (father, mother, sibling, best friend, partner).
We then ask them to indicate whether they have anyone in their lives who
fulfill these roles. Based on who they indicate, we prompt them to
answer a few questions about how much they communicate with that person
and how they perceive that relationship to matter. next, we ask them to
self-rate their well-being and loneliness.

For H1, we plan on running a Pearsons correlation between list length
and well-being. For H2, we plan on running a Pearsons correlation
between list length and loneliness. For H3, we plan on creating a
correlation matrix that maps each of the five specified relationships
onto the individual's wellbeing and loneliness scores. For H4, we plan
on running a MANOVA analysis of the mean mattering scores among
individuals who listed specified relationships (father, mother, sibling,
partner, best friend) on their generated list, and those who did not.
For each potential relationship listed, we will assign a nominal value
(1 = mother, 2 = father, 2.5 = parents, 3 = stepmother, 4 = stepfather,
4.5 = godparent, 5 = partner, 6 = sister, 7 = brother, 7.5 = siblings, 8
= stepsister, 9 = stepbrother, 10 = best friend, 11= friend, 12 = work
friend/coworker, 13 = grandmother, 14 = grandfather, 14.5 =
grandparents, 15 = daughter, 16 = son, 16.5 = godchild, 17 = cousin,
17.5 = cousins, 18 = aunt, 18.5 = aunts, 19 = uncle, 19.5 = uncles, 20 =
niece, 20.5 = nieces, 21= nephew, 21.5 = nephews, 22 = pet, 22 = social
group (ministry, my friends, my family, kids I work with, chosen
family), 24 = mother in law, 25=father in law, 26=sister in law, 27 =
brother in law, 28 = teammate, 29 = sponsor, 30 = mentor, 31 = self, 32
= roommate).

We will ask participants to only list individual relationships and not
list groups, however we will develop a coding system for individuals who
still list groups. We will assign a `99' if they provide a name but no
relationship. We plan to assign the value `999' to missing cases to
account for missing data.

\textbf{References}

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\textbf{Appendix}

\emph{FAIR lab mattering scale}

Mattering measures adolescents' perception of imbuing their father
figure, mother figure, mother figure, partner, sibling, and best friend
with love and value.

\textbf{Father Figure}

1. I really care about my (dad/step-dad).

2. My (dad/step-dad) really matters to me.

3. I think I care about other people more than my (dad/step-dad).

4. I sometimes wonder if I want my (dad/step-dad) around.

5. My (dad/step-dad) is not that important to me.

6. There are a lot of things in my life that matter more to me than my
(dad/step-dad).

7. I know I love my (dad/step-dad).

8. My (dad/step-dad) is one of the most important things in the world to
me.

\textbf{Mother Figure}

1. I really care about my (mom/step-mom).

2. My (mom/step-mom) really matters to me.

3. I think I care about other people more than my (mom/step-mom).

4. I sometimes wonder if I want my (mom/step-mom) around.

5. My (mom/step-mom) is not that important to me.

6. There are a lot of people or things in my life that matter more to me
than my (mom/step-mom).

7. I know I love my (mom/step-mom).

8. My (mom/step-mom) is one of the most important people or things in
the world to me.

\textbf{Best Friend}

1. I really care about my (Best Friend).

2. My (Best Friend) really matters to me.

3. I think I care about other people more than my (Best Friend).

4. I sometimes wonder if I want my (Best Friend) around.

5. My (Best Friend) is not that important to me.

6. There are a lot of people in my life that matter more to me than my
(Best Friend).

7. I know I love my (Best Friend).

8. My (Best Friend) is one of the most important people in the world to
me.

\textbf{Sibling}

1. I really care about my (sibling).

2. My (sibling) really matters to me.

3. I think I care about other people more than my (sibling).

4. I sometimes wonder if I want my (sibling) around.

5. My (sibling) is not that important to me.

6. There are a lot of people in my life that matter more to me than my
(sibling).

7. I know I love my (sibling).

8. My (sibling) is one of the most important people in the world to me.

\textbf{Romantic Partner}

1. I really care about (partner).

2. My (partner) really matters to me.

3. I think I care about other people more than my (partner).

4. I sometimes wonder if I want my (partner) around.

5. My (partner) is not that important to me.

6. There are a lot of people in my life that matter more to me than my
(partner).

7. I know I love my (partner).

8. My (partner) is one of the most important people in the world to me.

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

