2. EXPERIMENT
2.1 Method
For the non-imagery direction group, fifty-eight English second language
learners (36 females and 22 males, mean age = 29.41) were recruited from
two Japanese crowdsourcing websites. The recruitment conditions were
restricted to native Japanese individuals between 18 to 35 and with a
TOEIC score over 700 or Eiken1 EIKEN, also known as the Eiken
Foundation of Japan, is a company that produces and administers
English proficency tests. test score higher than Grade 2. They were
rewarded 400 Yen for their participation. For the imagery direction
group, fifty-four participants (25 females, 29 males, mean age = 29.41)
with identical criteria were recruited from a Japanese crowdsourcing
website.