All participants first took a pretest where they were instructed with a simple audio and direction text in Japanese (L1) to read the English moral dilemma scenarios and answer a the English yes-no moral dilemma question. The audio instructions were only provided during the instruction phase of the study. The moral dilemmas were asked to be read without any audio assistance. The participants were randomly assigned to story 1 or story 2 as their pretest story. Then participants were asked to fill out the NTQ-J based on the pretest moral dilemma scenario they read. For the posttest, the participants were assigned to the other moral dilemma scenario. If they read story 2 for the pretest, they read story 1 for the posttest. They took an identical procedure as the pretest condition, where they were instructed both with a L1 audio and text to answer the moral dilemma question in English and filled out the NTQ-J. Participants then completed the short English proficiency test and filled out a short demographic questionnaire.