Among the climate variables, annual mean temperature explained the largest (52.0%) and only significant (F = 6.95, p < 0.05) amount of genetic variance in outlier loci. This was followed by trends for an effects of mean diurnal range (F = 5.01, p = 0.06) and precipitation seasonality (F = 4.33, p = 0.07), which respectively explained 35.1% and 29.1% of genetic variance (Table 3). The climate variable with the strongest influence on outlier loci as detected by RDA was annual mean temperature, which was associated with 37.1% of the markers, followed by mean diurnal range which was associated with 20.8% of markers.

Among the outlier loci detected by all methods, the primary associations were with annual mean temperature (27.5%) and annual precipitation (25.4%). The same picture arises if only candidate loci that were detected by at least two methods are considered. Here, 28.6% of loci are associated with annual mean temperature and 25.4% are associated with annual precipitation (Table S7).