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\begin{document}

\title{Increased Ammonium/Nitrate (NH 4 + /NO 3 - ) ratios along Faidherbia
albia Stand age gradients: An indication for Ecological Processes and
Communities Successions}



\author[1]{Solomon Amare}%
\author[2]{Mitiku Hailu}%
\author[2]{Emiru Birhane}%
\author[3]{Jens B. Aune}%
\affil[1]{Mekelle University}%
\affil[2]{Mekelle University College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources}%
\affil[3]{Norges miljo- og biovitenskapelige universitet Institutt for internasjonale miljo- og utviklingsstudier Noragric}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Increased in soil total nitrogen (TN) as influenced by \emph{Faidherbia
albida} here after \emph{F. albida} have been explored for decades.
However, changes in ammonium (NH \textsubscript{4} \textsuperscript{+})
to nitrate (NO \textsubscript{3} \textsuperscript{-}) ratios as
influenced by the tree and the relationships with other soil
physicochemical and biological properties were not explored. Thus, the
present study was carried out in 2023 to investigate changes in soil NH
\textsubscript{4} \textsuperscript{+}/ NO \textsubscript{3}
\textsuperscript{-} ratios and the relationships with biotic and abiotic
factors across different stand age of \emph{F. albida} in a semi-arid
\emph{Arenosols} at Abraha we Atsbeha, northern Ethiopia. Soil NH
\textsubscript{4} \textsuperscript{+} and NO \textsubscript{3}
\textsuperscript{-} were extracted using analytical grade potassium
chloride solution and their concentrations were determined by
colorimetric method using UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Model: UV-VIS
Spectrophotometer, Series No.: AE1605020). One-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was done to compare means and Pearson correlations using IBM
SPSS Statistics Version 20, and redundancy analysis (RDA) using CANOCO
software to understand the relationships among soil physicochemical and
biological variables. Our results indicated that TN, NH
\textsubscript{4} \textsuperscript{+}, NO \textsubscript{3}
\textsuperscript{-} and NH \textsubscript{4} \textsuperscript{+}/ NO
\textsubscript{3} \textsuperscript{-} ratios significantly (P
\textless{} 0.05) increased with \emph{F. albida} stand age. The most
important thing here was that the proportion of NH \textsubscript{4}
\textsuperscript{+} has been succeeding over NO \textsubscript{3}
\textsuperscript{-} and this could have profound effect on both below
and above ground features of the \emph{Arenosol} agro-ecosystem.
Moreover, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that NH \textsubscript{4}
\textsuperscript{+} concentration strongly associated with soil moisture
content (MC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), TN, extractable base
cations (K, Ca, Mg), extractable phosphorus (EP), soil organic Carbon
(SOC), organic matter (OM) microbial biomass carbon (MBC), clay texture,
abundance of nematodes, density of fibrous rooted weeds while it was
found to have negative relationships with soil bulk density, sandy
texture and pH. Our findings enabled us to accept the hypothesis that NH
\textsubscript{4} \textsuperscript{+}/ NO \textsubscript{3}
\textsuperscript{-} ratios would increase with increasing \emph{F.
albida} stand age. In conclusion, increased \emph{F. albida} stand age
in agro ecosystems would increase NH \textsubscript{4}
\textsuperscript{+}/ NO \textsubscript{3} \textsuperscript{-} ratios.
Consequently, this triggered below and above ground communities
successions and ultimately surpasses production and productivity of arid
and semi-arid \emph{Arenosols}.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`Ammonium-Nitrate.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/627428/articles/648377-increased-ammonium-nitrate-nh-4-no-3-ratios-along-faidherbia-albia-stand-age-gradients-an-indication-for-ecological-processes-and-communities-successions}

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