G. glavra
|
Glycyrrhizin (GL)
|
Male CD mice
(20–25 g)
|
10 mg/kg
|
ICAM-1, P-selectin
|
It decreases the degree of positive staining and densitometry for ICAM-1
and P-selectin.
|
[67]
|
|
|
Male specific pathogen-free BALB/c mice
(6 weeks)
|
50 mg/kg
|
neutrophils, macrophages, MPO, CD11b positive cells
|
It reduces the numbers of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, and
decreases MPO and CD11b levels to inhibit the migration and infiltration
of immune cells.
|
[66, 67]
|
|
|
|
|
TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB |
It decreases the levels
of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6) and pro-inflammatory
mediators (COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB). |
[66,
67] |
|
18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid (GA) |
Female Crl; SKH1-hrBR hairless mice,
subcutaneously inoculated with MRSA |
600 μg/mL |
saeR, Hla, RNAⅢ, mecA,
sbi |
It reduces MRSA immune evasion by down-regulating MRSA virulence
factors (saeR, Hla, RNAⅢ, mecA, sbi). |
[72] |
|
|
|
|
KC, G-CSF |
It reduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines (KC,
G-CSF). |
[72] |
|
|
Male BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks) |
1 and 10 mg/mL for 14 hours |
co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD86, MHC class Ⅱ |
It induces
phenotypic maturation of DCs by increasing CD40, CD86 and MHC-Ⅱ
expression in DCs. |
[73] |
|
|
|
|
IL-12, IFN-γ |
It increases IL-12 levels to promote DC
maturation and activates T cells to differentiate into IFN-γ producing
Th1 cells. |
[73] |
|
|
|
|
IL-10 |
It suppresses excessive inflammatory responses or
terminates the immune responses after pathogen eradication by increasing
IL-10 levels. |
[73] |
P. ginseng (Pg)
|
Ginsan
|
Male pyrogen-free BALB/c mice (5–7 weeks, 18–22 g);
S. aureus 25923 or E. coli
|
0.012, 0.025, 0.5, 25, and 250 mg/kg (intravenous injection)
|
Macrophage, TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, MyD88, MAPK, JUN 1/2, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β,
IL-6, IL-12
|
It induces resistance to MRSA septicemia by modulating
monocyte/macrophage-mediated innate immunity.
|
[82]
|
|
|
BALB/c mice |
100 mg/kg (intraperitoneally introduced, once a day) |
Serum antibodies, Peyer’s patches, COX-1, COX-2, CCL3 |
It effectively
enhances the humoral immune response to orally delivered antigen,
mediated by CCL3 via COX-1 and COX-2. |
[8] |
|
Pg extract, such as ginsenoside |
Female mouse mastitis model
(lactating mice) |
3, 10, 50 mg/mL |
Macrophage, TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB |
Pg
extracts trigger and induce the inflammatory response. Pg modulates the
mRNA levels of TLR2 and TLR4, triggers the activation of the
MyD88-dependent pathway and then leads to the liberation of the NF-κB
transcription factor. |
[83] |
|
Ginsenoside |
MRSA strains: bacterial cells cultured in a
Mueller–Hinton broth |
100 mg/mL |
MRSA biofilm |
It not only
attenuates bacterial toxicity but also promotes the influx of
antibiotics. |
[85] |
|
ginseng oligopeptides (GOP) |
420 Female healthy BALB/c mice |
0.0375,
0.075, 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 g/kg for 30 days (intragastrically
administered) |
Macrophage, NK cell, T and Th cells |
It increases
macrophage phagocytosis capacity and NK cell activity, and enhances T
and Th cells, as well as IL-2, IL-6 and IL-12 secretion and IgA, IgG1
and IgG2b production. |
[86] |
P. quinquefolius |
aqueous extract of the P. quinquefolius
(CVT-E002) |
Old mice (8–9 weeks) |
80 mg chow/mouse daily |
NK cell in
spleen and bone marrow |
It augments the absolute numbers of NK cells in
the spleen and bone marrow. |
[88] |
|
|
C57 BL/6 mice |
10, 100, 500 Ag/mL |
B-lymphocyte in the spleen |
It
increases IL2 and IFN-γ levels in B-lymphocytes in a dose-dependent
manner. |
[87] |
|
|
C57 BL/6 mice (6–8 weeks) |
500, 100 and 10 µg/mL |
Peritoneal
exudate macrophages (PEM) |
It stimulates NO, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α
levels in PEM. |
[90] |
|
|
BALB/c mice (1 week) |
18, 6 mg per mouse |
Plasma cells |
It
increases IgG levels. |
[90] |
O. japonicas |
OPS, OPL |
Peritoneal macrophages isolated from
ICR mice (18–22 g) |
62.5, 31.25, 15.625, 7.813 and 3.907 g/mL |
Phagocytes, NO, iNOS |
It improves immune function of macrophages by
enhancing phagocytic function and increasing NO and iNOS levels, finally
enhancing the ability of sterilization. |
[100] |
|
|
|
|
IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP1β |
It exerts immune activity by
promoting IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-1β levels in macrophages. |
[100] |
|
|
|
31.25, 15.625 and 7.813 g/mL |
CD14, MHC-II |
It induces CD14 and
MHC-II to promote macrophages activation and maturation. |
[100] |
|
Ruscogenin (RUS) |
Male ICR mice (6–8 weeks) |
0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg |
MPO |
It reduces neutrophil infiltration by decreasing MPO levels. |
[94] |
|
|
|
1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg |
iNOS, NF-κB |
It suppresses the inflammatory
response by decreasing iNOS levels, which might be linked with the
down-regulation of NF-κB. |
[94] |
|
|
Male C57BL/6 mice (18−22 g) |
0.3 and 1 mg/kg |
NO, IL-6, TNF-α |
It
alleviates lung injury and inflammation by decreasing NO, IL-6 and TNF-α
levels. |
[96] |
|
|
|
0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg |
Bax, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2 |
It inhibits
PEC apoptosis by decreasing Bax and cleaved caspase-3 levels and by
increasing Bcl-2 levels. |
[96] |
|
|
|
0.3 and 1 mg/kg |
TLR4, MYD88, NF-κB p65 |
It attenuates
LPS-induced PEC apoptosis and exerts a protective effect on lung injury
and inflammation by suppressing the TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway. |
[96] |
Cordyceps mushrooms- C. sinensis |
Cordyceps sinensis extract
(CSE) |
Sixty male adult BALB/c mice (8 weeks, 20 ± 2 g) |
10, 30 and 60
mg/kg |
Neutrophils, macrophages, MPO |
It alleviates inflammatory cell
exudation by decreasing the numbers of neutrophils and macrophages, as
well as MPO levels. |
[101] |
|
|
|
|
NF-κB p65, COX-2, iNOS, NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β |
It
down-regulates NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β by inhibiting the
phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and COX-2, iNOS. |
[101] |
Cordyceps mushrooms- C. militaris |
cordycepin |
Male specific
pathogen-free Wistar rats (8–10 weeks) |
1, 10 and 30 mg/kg |
TNF-α,
IL-6, HMGB1, IL-10, TLR4 |
It alleviates anti-oxidative stress injuries
by down regulating TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 as well up-regulating IL-10,
which is associated with inhibiting TLR4 signaling. |
[104, 105] |
|
|
|
|
Neutrophils, MPO, NO, iNOS, LDH |
It attenuates inflammation by
decreasing the neutrophil number and inhibiting their exudation by
suppressing MPO, NO, iNOS and LDH levels. |
[105] |
|
|
|
|
Nrf2, HO-1 |
It stimulates HO-1 production and alleviates lung
injuries by promoting Nrf2 activation and inducing nuclear translocation
of Nrf2. |
[104, 105] |
|
|
Male BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks) |
50, 100 and 200 mg/kg |
NF-κB, IκB |
It prevents IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB release to achieve
anti-inflammatory effect. |
[104] |
Atractylodes species- A. macrocephala
|
Atractylenolide I (AO-I) |
Male BALB/c mice (20-24 g) |
5, 10 and 20 mg/kg |
Neutrophils,
macrophages, MPO |
It decreases neutrophil and macrophage numbers in
BALF and inhibits neutrophil infiltration by reducing MPO levels. |
[110] |
|
|
|
|
TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-13, MIF, IL-10 |
It decreases TNF-α,
IL-6, IL-1β, IL-13 and MIF levels, as well as increases IL-10 levels in
a dose-dependent manner. |
[110] |
|
|
|
|
TLR4, NF-κB, IκBα |
It exerts a protective effect on ALI-induced
mice by inhibiting TLR4, NF-κB activation and IκBα degradation. |
[110] |
|
Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharides (AMPS) |
The murine
macrophage cell line RAW264.7 |
25, 50, 100 and 200 lg/mL |
Macrophages,
NO, TNF-α |
It stimulates macrophages to promote phagocytic activity and
the productions of NO and TNF-α. |
[115,
116] |
|
|
|
|
NF-κB, IκB |
It induces IκB degradation and the activation of
NF-κB. |
[115, 116] |
Atractylodes species- A. lancea
|
A neutral polysaccharide
(ALP-1), an acidic polysaccharide (ALP-3) |
The murine RAW264.7
macrophage cell line, Specific pathogen free BALB/C mice (6-8 weeks) |
50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/mL for 18h |
Macrophages, NO, TNF-α,
IL-6 |
They promote macrophages phagocytosis and the release of NO,
TNF-α and IL-6. |
[117] |
|
|
|
|
HGF |
They modulate the intestinal immune system by stimulating
Peyer’s patch cells to induce HGF production. |
[117] |
|
water extracts of A. macrocephala and A. lancea
|
Murine
normal colonic epithelial cell-line MCE301 cells |
100 µg/mL |
G-CSF |
They promote the intestinal immune system by promoting G-CSF. |
[149] |
Zhenqi Fuzheng granule (ZQ) |
Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) |
Male
MF1albino mice (5-6 weeks) |
250 mg APS/kg/week for four consecutive
weeks |
Spleen, neutrophil and ROS in intestinal |
It increases both in
the phagocytic ability of neutrophils and the intestinal ROS production. |
[68] |
Yu Ping Feng San (YPFS) |
water-soluble extracts of YPFS |
RAW 264.7
murine macrophages |
1/mL |
macrophage |
It increases the phagocytic
activity of macrophages. |
[124] |
|
|
|
1mg/mL; 3h |
IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α |
It suppresses the production of
pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced cultured macrophages. |
[124] |
|
|
|
0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 mg/mL; 24h |
IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α |
It induces
the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. |
[124] |
|
|
|
1mg/mL; 3h & 24h |
iNOS, COX-2 |
It reduces iNOS and COX-2 levels
in macrophages at 3-hour time points. However, it induces the two at
24-hour time points. |
[125] |
SMS |
Filtered SMS solutions |
Healthy specific pathogen-free ICR mice
(20–22 g, 6–8 weeks) |
0.375, 0.75 and 1.5 mL/kg |
IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2,
NF-κB |
It inhibits excessive inflammation by regulating NF-κB and
decreasing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 levels. |
[137] |
|
Schisantherin A |
Male BALB/c mice, (6–8 weeks) |
10, 20 and 40 mg/kg |
MPO, neutrophils, macrophages |
It improves inflammatory cell
infiltration in pulmonary tissue by inhibiting neutrophils and
macrophages, as well as MPO levels. |
[143] |
|
|
|
|
TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β in the BALF |
It exerts an anti-inflammatory
effect through decreasing TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β levels in the BALF. |
[143] |
|
|
|
|
NF-κB p65, IκB-α, JNK, ERK, p38 |
It inhibits the
phosphorylation of p65, ERK, p38, JNK, and the degradation of IκB-α in a
dose-dependent manner. |
[143] |
Buzhongyiqitang (Hochuekkito) |
Hochuekkito extract (HET) |
Female
BALB/c mice (6 weeks) |
3.4 g/kg/day |
MRSA, splenocyte |
It inhibits
MRSA and promotes murine splenocyte immunological activity in
dose-dependent manners. |
[144] |
|
|
73 acute stroke patients (41 HET-treated and 32 non-HET-treated) |
7.5 g/day, three divided doses for three months |
serum nutritional
markers |
It improves levels of serum nutritional markers by supporting
nutrition and enhancing innate immunity. |
[145] |
|
|
Female C3H/HeJ mice (6-8 weeks) |
1000 mg/kg/day |
mucosal IgA
antibody |
It enhances the IgA immune response. |
[148] |