Acknowledgements
We are extremely grateful to all the people whose extensive efforts made this study successful. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Africa Centre of Excellence for Innovative Rodent Pest Management and Biosensor Technology and Development (ACE IRPM&BTD) for funding this research work. We also acknowledge Mr Omary Milango a field assistant and rodent technician of Institute of Pest Management at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro Tanzania who assisted in rodent data collection and Miss Miriam Jophrey Bukuku and Mr Mwita Wambura of department of microbiology, parasitology and biotechnology at SUA who assisted in flea processing and identification.