Figure 5 Demographic modeling analyses of (a) Campanula
morettiana , (b) Primula tyrolensis and (c) Saxifraga
facchinii . The upper panels illustrate the geographic configuration of
the modeled population groups, indicated by a coloured outline. Black
dots represent sampled populations. The base map is a digital elevation
model overlaid with the extension of glaciers at the Last Glacial
Maximum (LGM). The lower panels show the change of the effective
population size (Ne ) over time modeled with the
software Stairway plot. Color coding of population groups match those
presented in the maps. The coloured curves indicate the fluctuation ofNe of the analyzed population groups, 95%
confidence intervals are shown as a shaded background.