Figure 3 Genetic structure and demographic modeling of Primula
tyrolensis. a) Sampled populations and their admixture proportions atK = 4 derived from STRUCTURE analyses. Sizes of pie charts
reflect the number of private alleles (PA). Numbers correspond to
population identifiers. Coloured curves indicate groups of populations
used for demographic modeling. Light-blue areas indicate the maximum
extent of glaciers during the LGM 21 ka (based on Ehlers et al., 2011,
Van Husen 1987). The map was generated with UTM 32 N projection, with
datum WGS84. b) STRUCTURE bar plots depicting the cluster memberships of
each individual at the two best K s (2 and 4). c) Neighbor-Nets
with populations colour-coded according to the most likely clustering
solution in STRUCTURE analyses at K = 4. d) Two-population
demographic modeling results; color coding of population groups match
those presented in panel a). The left column shows a graphical
representation of the selected two-population models in δaδi. The right
column shows the distribution of the estimated divergence time after the
goodness-of-fit test with 100 replicates. The histogram represents the
distribution, the blue curve shows the density distribution, and the red
line represents the LGM (21 ka).