Figure 5 Demographic modeling analyses of (a) Campanula morettiana , (b) Primula tyrolensis and (c) Saxifraga facchinii . The upper panels illustrate the geographic configuration of the modeled population groups, indicated by a coloured outline. Black dots represent sampled populations. The base map is a digital elevation model overlaid with the extension of glaciers at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The lower panels show the change of the effective population size (Ne ) over time modeled with the software Stairway plot. Color coding of population groups match those presented in the maps. The coloured curves indicate the fluctuation ofNe of the analyzed population groups, 95% confidence intervals are shown as a shaded background.