Figure 3 Genetic structure and demographic modeling of Primula tyrolensis. a) Sampled populations and their admixture proportions atK = 4 derived from STRUCTURE analyses. Sizes of pie charts reflect the number of private alleles (PA). Numbers correspond to population identifiers. Coloured curves indicate groups of populations used for demographic modeling. Light-blue areas indicate the maximum extent of glaciers during the LGM 21 ka (based on Ehlers et al., 2011, Van Husen 1987). The map was generated with UTM 32 N projection, with datum WGS84. b) STRUCTURE bar plots depicting the cluster memberships of each individual at the two best K s (2 and 4). c) Neighbor-Nets with populations colour-coded according to the most likely clustering solution in STRUCTURE analyses at K = 4. d) Two-population demographic modeling results; color coding of population groups match those presented in panel a). The left column shows a graphical representation of the selected two-population models in δaδi. The right column shows the distribution of the estimated divergence time after the goodness-of-fit test with 100 replicates. The histogram represents the distribution, the blue curve shows the density distribution, and the red line represents the LGM (21 ka).