Fig. 4. Effects of urbanisation on vegetation. Percentage cover of (A) bare ground, (B) shrubs, (C) trees, and (D) plants, (E) plant species richness and (F) Shannon diversity of plants at nine urban and nine rural sites. The black boxplots illustrate the median (bold black line), interquartile range (box margins), 1.5 × interquartile range (whiskers), and outliers (black data points), whilst the mean ± SE are represented by the green diamond and whiskers.