Vegetation sampling
On the first visit to each site, the percentage cover of shrubs and bare ground were recorded using the same quadrats for percentage cover of plants, and the percentage cover of trees was later recorded using Google Maps. Plant surveys were conducted following Tzortzakaki et al. (2019), with four 0.5 m2 quadrats established at even distances along the butterfly transects. The small quadrat size was due to the limited spatial extent of the sites. The percentage cover of each plant species was recorded for each quadrat, with vegetation surveys conducted at each site in May and June for a total sample size ofn = 144. The app “PictureThis” was used alongside local taxonomic expertise for species identification (Glority Global Group Limited, 2020).