Fig. 3. Effects of urbanisation on birds. (A) Abundance, (B) species richness, and (C) Shannon diversity of birds at nine urban and nine rural sites. The black boxplots illustrate the median (bold black line), interquartile range (box margins), 1.5 × interquartile range (whiskers), and outliers (black data points), whilst the mean ± SE are represented by the green diamond and whiskers.