Discussion
Spotted hyenas in this rapidly developing landscape appear to be selecting for and against environmental, infrastructural, and human tolerance characteristics at different scales, demonstrating that it is crucial to consider social-ecological landscape permeability on coexistence frontiers and in human-dominated landscapes generally. We found that parallel wire electric fences may be perceived as a risk by hyenas – as indicated by their interactions with the fence largely consisting of either quickly crossing or immediately leaving the area—while simultaneously being highly permeable to this species, which has implications for coexistence and movement for this apex predator. Additionally, the hyenas in this region exhibited several landscape use and navigation propensities that differ from previous studies on this species conducted in landscapes that are on the high or low extremes of anthropogenic influences.