Figure 3 Results of STRUCTURE based on nrDNA and cpDNA samples
of Primulina heterotricha populations collected in 2016 and 2022.
The Bayesian clustering using cpDNA sequences was somewhat different
compared to the nrDNA (Figures 3c and 3d), as there were only two
genetic clusters (K = 2) (Figures S1c, S1d), suggesting that the
dam acts as the main genetic barrier in both datasets. The first cluster
included all the populations except JF (i.e., group SW) and partially XA
(i.e., group S) for the 2016 dataset, while six years later the
population XA fell within the second cluster.
AMOVA results showed that most ITS genetic variation resides among the
four regions (Table 4), although this component declined from 71%
(2016) to 62% (2022), and the within-population component increased
from 9% (2016) to 16% (2022). CpDNA genetic variation residing among
regions increased from 2016 (72%) to 2022 (90%), and, unlike the
nrDNA, the within-population component decreased from 10% (2016) to 4%
(2022).