2.3 Intraventricular injection
SD rats were fixed on a brain stereoscope, the skin was cut at the top
of the head (1.5-2 cm), the periosteum was carefully peeled off, and the
fontanel and posterior fontanel were fully exposed, with the fontanel as
the coordinate zero point (0.5 mm on the posterior side, 1.5 mm on the
right side, 4.5 mm in depth). The skull was drilled, and the
cerebrospinal fluid was pumped back with a microsyringe to determine the
correctness of the location (S. Li et al., 2021). NSC-Exos group was
injected with NSC-Exos suspension 20 μl (30 μg) in the lateral
ventricle, and PBS group was injected with Phosphate buffer saline (PBS)
of the same volume. TAK-242 (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 10%
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich) by injection of 1.2 mg/20μl
into the lateral ventricle (Feng et al., 2017; Hua et al., 2015). All
injections were performed at the rate of 2.0 μl/min, and the needles
were retained for 10 min and then slowly withdrawn (L. Wang et al.,
2020).