Legend
Fig. 1. Paddy soils selected for the study.
Map showing the geographical location of all sampling sites across eastern China (a). The color of the points represents the pH of the soil samples. pH of all the paddy soil samples (b).
Fig. 2. The composition and diversity of archaea andBathyarchaeia community in paddy soils.
The composition of the archaea community at class level (a). Phylogenetic tree of Bathyachaeial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) (b). The star represents Bathyarchaeial ASVs from paddy soils in this study. The composition of the Bathyarchaeial subgroup in paddy soils (c). The heatmap of Bathyarchaeial ASVs (d). The 40 top abundant Bathyarchaeial ASVs were selected. The size of bubbles represents the relative abundance of ASVs. The color of the bubbles represents the pH of the soil samples. The color of ASV ID represents the subgroup ofBathyarchaeia .
Fig. 3. Community assembly progress of archaea andBathyarchaeia in paddy soils.
Neutral community model (NCM) of archaea (a). The solid blue lines mean the best fit to the NCM, and the dashed blue lines represent fit to the model under 95% confidence intervals. Nm means the metacommunity size times immigration, and R2 indicates the fit to this model. The proportions of richness (Amplicon sequence variants [ASV] number) and abundance (sequence number) of archaea and Bathyarchaeiabased on the fitting to the model (b). Null model of Niche width of archaea at class level (c).
Fig. 4. The effects of environmental parameters on the distribution of Bathyarchaeia and Bathy-6 .
The relationship between Bathyarchaeia and Bathy-6communities and environment parameters (a). SEM analyses reveal the direct and indirect effects of climate parameters, pH, and C/N on the relative abundance of Bathy-6 (b). Red lines represent a significant correlation, and grey lines represent no significant correlation. R2 represents the proportion of variance explained. Pearson’s correlations between Bathyarchaeia and environment parameters at Subgroup level (c). * and ** represent the significance at 0.05 and 0.01 level.
Fig. 5. Drivers of distribution of Bathy-6 were estimated.
Environmental parameters predicting the relative abundance ofBathy-6 according to Random Forest analysis (a). * and ** represent the significance at 0.05 and 0.01 level. The high value of the increase in MSE indicates more importance in the Random Forest Model. Linear least-squares regression analysis of the relative abundance ofBathy-6 and MAT (b), C/N (c), and pH (d) was performed. The green and red bar charts overlaid on the axes represent the marginal distributions.
Fig. 6. Co-occurrence network analyses of archaea andBathyarchaeia in paddy soils.
Co-occurrence network of archaea community based on the archaeal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with relative abundance higher than 1% (a). The numbers outside the circular plot represent the number of edges or linkages related to the class. Zi-Pi plot showing the distribution of archaeal ASVs based on their topological roles (b). Co-occurrence network of Bathyarchaeial community based on the Bathyarchaeial ASVs (c). Heatmap of the relationship betweenBathyarchaeia modules and environmental parameters (f). * and ** represent the significance at 0.05 and 0.01 level.