4.2. Different assembly progress of abundant and rare Bathyarchaeial taxa in paddy soils
NCM results indicated that stochastic processes dominated the archaea community assembly in paddy soils. The results from the NCM revealed that abundant Bathyarchaeia ASVs exhibit higher migratory capabilities within paddy soils and experience less dispersal limitation, implying a broader distribution range and a greater propensity for colonization within these soils (Chen & Wen 2021). The null model also indicated that Bathyarchaeia displays a wider niche breadth at the class level compared to other archaea in paddy soil. A broader niche breadth signifies that Bathyarchaeiapossesses a heightened ability to adapt to various environments, accompanied by metabolic versatility, which in turn results in a widespread and abundant distribution pattern (Chen et al. 2019; He et al. 2022; Pandit et al. 2009). This characteristic is also supported by previous studies indicating that Bathyarchaeia were detected in various environments and were suggested to show multiple metabolisms. NCM results also showed that most low abundant Bathyarchaeia(87.0% of ASVs) fitted the neutral model. Soil nutrients in arable soils can decrease the effect of environmental filtering for microbial distribution (Shu et al. 2021). Due to fertilization practice, paddy soils contain much higher nutrients than other environmental habitats, which increases the importance of stochastic processes inBathyarchaeia community assembly and affects rareBathyarchaeia taxa.