Figure.1 The geographical location of (a) Xinjiang, (b) Tuha Basin, and (c) land cover map of Tuha Basin in 2020.

2.2 Datasets

Oasis data are extracted from GLC_FCS30 in Earth System Science Data (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2753-2021/), with 30 m spatial resolution and 5-year interval from 1990 to 2020. GLC_FCS30 data classified land types into cropland, forest, shrubland, grassland, wetlands, built-up, bare land, water body, and permanent ice and snow. Because of the tiny coverage in Tuha Basin, wetland was merged into water body. Compared with the apparent vertical zonality of mountainous areas, oasis owns intrazonal characteristics (Zhang et al. , 2021; Zhou et al. , 2010). Therefore, in this study, the areas with the elevation higher than 2500 m and between 500 m and 2500 m with the slope greater than 25⁰ were regarded as mountainous areas and masked out (Kapos et al. , 2000; Körner et al. , 2017, 2021).
Oasis dynamics are mainly affected by natural and human factors (Chenet al. , 2023). Natural factors are characterized by wide ranges and long duration, but they have minor short-term effects on oases dynamics (Zhang et al. , 2021; Zhou et al. , 2017). Two natural factors, precipitation and temperature, were collected from National Tibetan Plateau Science Data Center (https://data.tpdc.ac.cn) with 1 km spatial resolution throughout the growing seasons (from May to July). Human factors had further impacts on oasis dynamics, but they were limited in local ranges (Amuti & Luo, 2014; Xiao et al. , 2019). Four human factors, total power of agricultural machinery, total output value of the plantation industry, production of raw coal, and population were acquired from the Xinjiang statistic yearbook, which were collected during the same periods as LULC data.