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\begin{document}

\title{Integration of Geochemical Modeling, Hydrodynamic Condition, and Change~
Detection Supported with Machine Learning, For Sustainable Development
of the~ Water Resources in Western Desert, Egypt~~~~}



\author[1]{Mohamed Hamdy Eid Hemida}%
\author[1]{Attila Kovács}%
\author[1]{Péter Szűcs }%
\affil[1]{university of miskolc}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 07, 2024}


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\textsuperscript{a}Institute of Environmental Management, Faculty of
Earth Science, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc- Egyetemv\selectlanguage{ngerman}áros,
Hungary; mohamedhamdy@science.bsu.edu.eg; hgszucs@uni-miskolc.hu;
attila.geo.kovacs@gmail.com.

\textsuperscript{b}Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef, 65211, Egypt;~ {mohamedhamdy@science.bsu.edu.eg}

* Corresponding author: \textbf{Mohamed Hamdy Eid}
\textsuperscript{\textbf{a,b}}\textbf{*;}
{mohamedhamdy@science.bsu.edu.eg} \textbf{ORCID}:
\textbf{0000-0002-3383-1826}

\textbf{Final Paper Number:}~H31U-1778~ \textbf{Presentation
Type:}~Poster \textbf{Session Number and Title:}~H31U: Frontiers in
Water Quality I Poster \textbf{Session Date and Time:}~Wednesday,
December 13th; 8:30 AM - 12:50 PM~PST \textbf{Location:\,}MC,\,Poster
Hall A-C -- South

\textbf{Abstract}

The current study evaluates the different factors threatening the
sustainability of Siwa Oasis including soil salinization, water quality
deterioration, water logging, depletion of non-rechargeable water
resources and providing water management plan. GIS and remote sensing
supported with machine learning were used for change detection in the
land cover from 1990 to 2020. The hydrodynamic condition in the deep
Nubian sandstone aquifer (NSSA) was investigated using pressure-depth
pro le. The groundwater salinity was monitored from 1998 to 2022.
Geochemical model using PHREEQC was conducted to detect the types of
minerals that have the ability to precipitate in the soil from
irrigation water and decrease its permeability. The change detection in
the land cover showed rapid increase in the surface area of the salt
lakes from 22.6 km\textsuperscript{2} in 1990 to 60.6
km\textsuperscript{2} in 2020. The soil salinization increased in the
central Siwa Oasis due to evaporation of water logged in the soil.
Monitoring the water salinity from 1998 to 2022 showed rapid
deterioration in groundwater quality of the Tertiary carbonate aquifer
(TCA). The pressure-depth pro le showed that the water in NSSA is over
hydrostatic pressure in the eastern and western part of the study area
and the central part is under hydrostatic pressure indicating pressure
decrease. Chadha diagram and piper diagram showed that the water type
changed upward from Ca-Mg-HCO\textsubscript{3} in the rst stage in NSSA
to Na-Cl type in the last stage in TCA and surface water. The saturation
index revealed that the majority of water samples were supersaturated
with respect to calcite, dolomite, talc, Ca-montmorillonite, chlorite,
gibbsite, illite, K-mica, hematite, chrysotile and kaolinite, while the
samples were undersaturated with halite, anhydrite, gypsum, and
CO\textsubscript{2}. The irrigation water quality indices showed that
NSSA is suitable for irrigation purposes while TCA is not suitable for
irrigation regarding magnesium hazards (MH) and potential salinity (PS).
The water quality regarding sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium
percent (Na\%) range from good to poor and good according to residual
sodium carbonate (RSC). Application of subsurface drip irrigation, and
mixing water of TCA and NSSA could be the best management of the water
resources in Siwa Oasis.

\textbf{Acknowledgements}

The current research work has been funded by\textbf{~}the sustainable
development and technologies national program of the Hungarian Academy
of Sciences (FFT NP FTA).~

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