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\begin{document}

\title{Demographic Characteristics associated with Food Allergy in a Nationwide
Canadian Study}



\author[1]{Ann Clarke}%
\author[2]{Susan Elliott}%
\author[3]{Yvan St. Pierre}%
\author[4]{Lianne Soller}%
\author[5]{Sebastien La Vieille}%
\author[6]{Moshe Ben Shoshan}%
\affil[1]{University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine}%
\affil[2]{University of Waterloo}%
\affil[3]{McGill University Health Centre}%
\affil[4]{BC Children's Hospital}%
\affil[5]{Health Canada}%
\affil[6]{McGill University and McGill University Health CentreG}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\sloppy


\textbf{Demographic Characteristics associated with Food Allergy in a
Nationwide Canadian Study}

To the Editor,

We conducted a nationwide Canadian telephone survey on food allergy (FA)
prevalence between 02/2016 and 01/2017 (SPAACE {[}\emph{S} urveying
\emph{P} revalence of Food\emph{A} llergy in \emph{A} ll \emph{C}
anadian\emph{E} nvironments{]} to SPAACE
{[}S2S{]}\textsuperscript{1}{]}, targeting vulnerable populations (New,
Indigenous, and lower-income Canadians) using 2006 Canadian Census data
(Appendix). We compared prevalence between vulnerable and non-vulnerable
populations\textsuperscript{2} and reported (in univariable analysis)
that prevalence was lower in immigrants and less-educated adults. We now
examine the independent effect of these and other characteristics (age,
sex, race/ethnicity, and household size) on FA.

The adult household respondent completed the Food Allergy Prevalence
Questionnaire (FAPQ)\textsuperscript{1,3,4} for each household member
(Appendix). Food allergy was defined as \emph{perceived} (self-report of
any FA) or \emph{probable} (self-report of a convincing history
(Appendix) and/or physician diagnosis of a peanut, tree nut, fish,
shellfish, sesame, milk, egg, wheat, and/or soy
allergy).\textsuperscript{1,4} The Research Ethics Boards of the
Universities of Calgary and Waterloo approved the study. The association
between \emph{perceived} and \emph{probable} FA and demographic
characteristics was assessed through weighted univariable and
multivariable random effects logistic regressions (Appendix).

Of 11,592 eligible households, 5874 completed the FAPQ (50.7\% household
response rate), providing data on 14,818 individuals (Table 1).

In multivariable analyses, adults [?]45 years (OR 0.69, 95\% confidence
interval (CI) 0.56, 0.86), New Canadians (OR 0.51, 95\%CI 0.38, 0.69),
those immigrating to Canada [?]10 years prior (OR 0.75, 95\%CI 0.62,
0.92), and those residing in larger households (OR 0.82, 95\%CI 0.75,
0.90) were less likely to report any \emph{perceived} FA (Table 2).
Females (OR 1.49, 95\%CI 1.27, 1.74) and adults with post-secondary
education (OR 1.20, 95\%CI 1.02, 1.43) were more likely to
report\emph{perceived} FA.

New Canadians (OR 0.46, 95\%CI 0.30, 0.68), those immigrating [?]10 years
prior (OR 0.64, 95\%CI 0.49, 0.82), and those residing in larger
households (OR 0.85, 95\%CI 0.77, 0.94) were less likely to
report\emph{probable} FA, whereas children (OR 1.95, 95\%CI 1.38, 2.75),
females (OR 1.49, 95\%CI 1.22, 1.82), and adults with post-secondary
education (OR 1.55, 95\%CI 1.23, 1.96) were more likely to
report\emph{probable} FA.

In addition to many of the characteristics associated with any FA,
race/ethnicity was also associated with some individual FA (Supplemental
Table 1A\&B).

When the sample was restricted to parents with at least one
Canadian-born child, Asian-born parents were less likely to report
any\emph{perceived} (OR 0.40, 95\%CI 0.24, 0.66) and \emph{probable} FA
(OR 0.29, 95\%CI 0.14, 0.61) (Supplemental Table 2). However,
Canadian-born children of Asian-born parents were more likely to report
any\emph{perceived} (OR 1.77, 95\% CI 1.13, 2.76) and \emph{probable} FA
(OR 2.11, 95\% CI 1.29, 3.43).

We have shown that while children, females, and adults with
post-secondary education were more likely to report at least
one\emph{perceived} or \emph{probable} FA and adults [?] 45 years,
immigrants, and those in larger households were less likely to report
FA, Asian and Indigenous race/ethnicity were associated with specific
foods. It is likely that our observed association between FA and higher
education and Canadian birthplace is attributable to increased FA
awareness, better healthcare access, and differing genetic and
environmental influences. The association between larger household size
and decreased FA supports the hygiene hypothesis.\textsuperscript{5} Our
paradoxical finding of a lower odds of FA in Asian-born parents of
Canadian-born children and a higher odds of FA in Canadian-born children
of Asian-born parents suggests that early life environmental exposures,
such as climate, dietary, and microbial, exert a differential effect
depending on genetic background.

Although our nationwide sampling frame precluded food challenges and
only included households with landlines and nonresponse bias may have
influenced our results, we have demonstrated clear associations between
demographic characteristics and FA, potentially important clues to
environmental determinants.

\textbf{ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS}

We are grateful to the Survey Research Centre, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada for expert administration of the SPAACE 2
SPAACE telephone survey.

\textbf{REFERENCES}

1. Clarke AE, Elliott SJ, St Pierre Y, Soller L, La Vieille S,
Ben-Shoshan M. Temporal trends in prevalence of food allergy in Canada.
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 Apr;8(4):1428-1430.

2. Clarke AE, Elliott SJ, St. Pierre Y, Soller L, La Vieille S,
Ben-Shoshan M. Comparing Food Allergy Prevalence in Vulnerable and
non-Vulnerable Canadians. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020
Jul-Aug;8(7):2425-2430.

3. Sicherer H, Munoz-Furlong A, Burks AW, Sampson HA. Prevalence of
peanut and tree nut allergy in the US determined by a random digit dial
telephone survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999 April;103(4):559-562.

4. Soller L, Ben-Shoshan M, Harrington DW, Knoll M, Fragapane J, Joseph
L, St Pierre Y, La Vieille S, Wilson K, Elliott SJ, Clarke AE.
Prevalence and predictors of food allergy in Canada: a focus on
vulnerable populations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2015
Jan-Feb;3(1):42-49.

5. Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. Br Med J
1989;299(6710):1259--60.

6. Statistics Canada. Low Income Lines: What they are and how they are
created 2016 (Income Research Paper Series).
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/75f0002m/75f0002m2016002-eng.pdf?st=sp-Q5BaZ
Accessed March 27, 2020.

\textbf{TABLES}

\textbf{Table 1. Demographic Characteristics among Full Sample and those
Without and With \emph{Perceived} and \emph{Probable}} + \textbf{Food
Allergy}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Frequency*, n (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Frequency*, n (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Frequency*, n (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Frequency*, n (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Frequency*, n (\%)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Variable}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Full Sample} \textbf{(n=14,818)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Perceived}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Perceived}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Perceived}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Perceived}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Probable}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Probable}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Probable}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Without Any \emph{Perceived} FA} \textbf{(n=13,497)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Without Any \emph{Perceived} FA} \textbf{(n=13,497)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{With Any \emph{Perceived} FA} \textbf{(n=1321)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Difference} \textbf{\% (95\% CI)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Without Any \emph{Probable} FA (n=14,038)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{With Any of 9 \emph{Probable} FA} \textbf{(n=780)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Difference} \textbf{\% (95\% CI)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Age group, yrs}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0-17\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2970 (20.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2750 (20.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2750 (20.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
220 (16.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{3.7 (1.6, 5.8)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2816 (20.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
154 (19.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.3 (-2.6, 3.2)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18-44\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4142 (28.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3763 (27.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3763 (27.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
379 (28.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-0.8 (-3.4, 1.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3932 (28.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
210 (26.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.1 (-2.1, 4.3)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
[?] 45\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7706 (52.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6984 (51.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6984 (51.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
722 (54.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-2.9 (-5.7, -0.1)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7290 (51.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
416 (53.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-1.4 (-5.0, 2.2)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Female}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7357 (49.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6575 (48.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6575 (48.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
782 (59.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-10.5 (-13.3, -7.7)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6893 (49.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
464 (59.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-10.4 (-13.9, -6.8)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Race/Ethnicity\textsuperscript{1}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Asian\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2848 (19.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2656 (19.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2656 (19.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
192 (14.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{5.1 (3.1, 7.2)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2741 (19.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
107 (13.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{5.8 (3.3, 8.3)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Black\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
988 (6.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
922 (6.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
922 (6.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
66 (5.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.8 (0.6, 3.1)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
941 (6.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
47 (6.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.7 (-1.0, 2.4)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Indigenous\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1788 (12.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1643 (12.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1643 (12.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
145 (11.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.2 (-0.6, 3.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1709 (12.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
79 (10.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2 (-0.1, 4.2)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
White\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7647 (51.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6849 (50.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6849 (50.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
798 (60.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-9.7 (-12.4, -6.9)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7174 (51.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
473 (60.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-9.5 (-13.1, -6.0)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Other\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1547 (10.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1427 (10.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1427 (10.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
120 (9.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.5 (-0.1, 3.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1473 (10.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74 (9.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.0 (-1.1, 3.1)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Immigration status}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
New Canadians, immigrated \textless{} 10 yrs prior\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1554 (10.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1481 (11.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1481 (11.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
73 (5.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{5.4 (4.1, 6.8)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1514 (10.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40 (5.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{5.7 (4.0, 7.3)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Immigrated [?] 10 yrs prior\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3389 (22.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3136 (23.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3136 (23.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
253 (19.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{4.1 (1.8, 6.3)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3256 (23.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
133 (17.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{6.1 (3.4, 8.9)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Canadian-born\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9875 (66.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8880 (65.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8880 (65.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
995 (75.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-9.5 (-12, -7.1)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9268 (66.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
607 (77.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-11.8 (-14.8, -8.8)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Adults with post-secondary education\textsuperscript{2}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5696 (48.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5119 (47.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5119 (47.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
577 (52.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-4.8 (-7.9, -1.7)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5357 (47.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
339 (54.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-6.4 (-10.4, -2.4)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Household income}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Lower-income\textsuperscript{3}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3362 (22.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3116 (23.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3116 (23.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
246 (18.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{4.5 (2.2, 6.7)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3216 (22.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
146 (18.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{4.2 (1.4, 7.0)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Higher-income\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9672 (65.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8754 (64.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8754 (64.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
918 (69.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-4.6 (-7.2, -2.0)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9135 (65.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
537 (68.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{-3.8 (-7.1, -0.4)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Missing income\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1784 (12.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1627 (12.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1627 (12.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
157 (11.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.2 (-1.7, 2.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1687 (12.0)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
97 (12.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-0.4 (-2.8, 2.0)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Household size, \# of members (SD)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.5 (1.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.5 (1.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.5 (1.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.0 (1.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.5 (0.4. 0.6)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.5 (1.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.1 (1.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.4 (0.3, 0.6)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textsuperscript{1} Race/ethnicity options include: Asian (Chinese,
Japanese, Korean, Filipino, South Asian, and Southeast Asian), Black,
Indigenous (self-identified with First Nations, Metis, or Inuit), White,
and other (Arab, Latin American, West Asian (Middle East countries),
other, multiple, and unknown race/ethnicity).

\textsuperscript{2} Children \textless{} 18 years were not asked this
information.

\textsuperscript{3} Lower-income Canadians were those whose
self-reported before tax total household income was below the relevant
low-income cut-off (LICO), as calculated yearly by Statistics Canada,
for each of 7 household sizes and 5 community sizes. The LICO (before
tax) is the income level at which families or unattached individuals
spend on average 55\% of before tax income on food, shelter, and
clothing. Given we collected data on household income, household size,
and postal code, we were able to ascertain if a household was below the
LICO threshold.\textsuperscript{6}

+ \emph{Probable} food allergy was defined as any individual who was
reported, by the household respondent, to have symptoms/signs compatible
with a convincing history and/or a physician diagnosis of a peanut, tree
nut, fish, shellfish, sesame, milk, egg, wheat, and/or soy allergy.
Refer to Appendix for definition of convincing history.

*Except for household size where the mean (SD) number of household
members is reported.

Abbreviations: FA: food allergy

Boldface cell indicate significant results.

\textbf{Table 2. Univariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression
Models: Demographic Characteristics Associated with any
\emph{Perceived}or \emph{Probable}} \textsuperscript{+} \textbf{Food
Allergy, Odds Ratio (95\% CI), n=14,818}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Any \emph{Perceived} Food Allergy}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Any \emph{Perceived} Food Allergy}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Any of 9 \emph{Probable} Food Allergy}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Any of 9 \emph{Probable} Food Allergy}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Variable}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Univariable Model}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Multivariable Model}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Univariable Model}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Multivariable Model}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Age group\textsuperscript{1}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0-17 yrs\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.91 (0.73, 1.12)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.17 (0.91, 1.51)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.95 (1.38, 2.75)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
[?]45 yrs\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.97 (0.83, 1.14)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.69 (0.56, 0.86)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.96 (0.78, 1.18)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Female}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.46 (1.25, 1.70)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.49 (1.27, 1.74)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.47 (1.20. 1.80)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.49 (1.22, 1.82)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Race/} \textbf{Ethnicity\textsuperscript{2}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Asian\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.80 (0.64, 0.998)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.82 (0.62, 1.08)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Black\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.84 (0.59, 1.19)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.09 (0.72, 1.65)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Indigenous\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.02 (0.71, 1.46)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.72 (0.42, 1.23)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Other\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.81 (0.61, 1.07)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.84 (0.60, 1.18)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Immigration status\textsuperscript{3}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
New Canadians, immigrated \textless{} 10 yrs prior\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.45 (0.34, 0.61)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.51 (0.38, 0.69)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.39 (0.27, 0.57)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.46 (0.30, 0.68)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Immigrant [?] 10 yrs\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.71 (0.59, 0.84)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.75 (0.62, 0.92)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.60 (0.47, 0.76)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.64 (0.49, 0.82)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Post-secondary education\textsuperscript{4}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.25 (1.06, 1.47)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.20 (1.02, 1.43)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.33 (1.08, 1.64)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{1.55 (1.23, 1.96)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Household income}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Income missing\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.02 (0.80, 1.32)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.01 (0.72, 1.40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Low income\textsuperscript{5}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.94 (0.77, 1.14)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.96 (0.75, 1.21)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Household size\textsuperscript{6}}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.85 (0.80, 0.92)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.82 (0.75, 0.90)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.88 (0.81, 0.95)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.85 (0.77, 0.94)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textsuperscript{1} Reference group: 18 -- 44 years

\textsuperscript{2} Race/ethnicity options include: Asian (Chinese,
Japanese, Korean, Filipino, South Asian, and Southeast Asian), Black,
Indigenous (self-identified with First Nations, Metis, or Inuit), White,
and other (Arab, Latin American, West Asian (Middle East countries),
other, multiple, and unknown race/ethnicity).

Reference group: White

\textsuperscript{3} Reference group: Canadian-born

\textsuperscript{4} Children \textless{} 18 years were not asked this
information. Reference group: adults without post-secondary education

\textsuperscript{5} Lower-income Canadians were those whose
self-reported before tax total household income was below the relevant
low-income cut-off (LICO), as calculated yearly by Statistics Canada,
for each of 7 household sizes and 5 community sizes. The LICO (before
tax) is the income level at which families or unattached individuals
spend on average 55\% of before tax income on food, shelter, and
clothing. Given we collected data on household income, household size,
and postal code, we were able to ascertain if a household was below the
LICO threshold.\textsuperscript{6} Reference group: Households that were
not low income

\textsuperscript{6} Household size is a continuous variable referring to
number of members in the household.

\textsuperscript{+} \emph{Probable} food allergy was defined as any
individual who was reported, by the household respondent, to have
symptoms/signs compatible with a convincing history and/or a physician
diagnosis of a peanut, tree nut, fish, shellfish, sesame, milk, egg,
wheat, and/or soy allergy. Refer to Appendix for definition of
convincing history.

Empty cells indicate the variable was not included in the selected
model.

Boldface cells indicate significant results.

\textbf{AUTHORS}

\textbf{Ann E. Clarke, MD, MSc\textsuperscript{1}, Susan J. Elliott,
PhD\textsuperscript{2}, Yvan St. Pierre, MSc\textsuperscript{3}, Lianne
Soller, PhD\textsuperscript{4}, Sebastien La Vieille, MD,
MSc\textsuperscript{5,6}, Moshe Ben-Shoshan, MD, MSc\textsuperscript{7}}

\textbf{Word count:} 598

\textbf{Table count:} 2

\textbf{Figure count} : 0

\textbf{Institutional affiliations:}

\textsuperscript{1} Division of Rheumatology, Cumming School of
Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

\textsuperscript{2} Department of Geography and Environmental
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

\textsuperscript{3} Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of
Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

\textsuperscript{4} Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of
Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada

\textsuperscript{5} Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada

\textsuperscript{6} Food Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural and
Nutrition Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

\textsuperscript{7} Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,
Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill
University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

\textbf{Corresponding author:}

Ann E. Clarke

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary,
HRIC Building, Room 3AA18, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N
4Z6, Canada

aeclarke@ucalgary.ca

\textbf{Funding sources:}

The research was funded by the Canadian Allergy, Genes, and Environment
Network of Centres of Excellence (AllerGen NCE) and Health Canada.

\textbf{Conflicts of Interest:}

L. Soller participates in research sponsored by DBV Technologies and S.
La Vieille is an employee of Health Canada. The rest of the authors
declare that they have no relevant conflicts of interest.

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\end{document}

