Candidate/ developer Vaccine platform (description ) Preclinical outcomes Clinical outcomes Dosage/Route of administration (Timing) Clinical stage Ref.
CoronaVac (PiCoVacc)/ Sinovac Research & Development Co., Ltd Inactivated (SARS-CoV2 inactivation using β-propiolactone following production in Vero cells) Neutralizing antibody induction in mice, rat & NHP, partial-to-complete protection in macaques Safe & immunogenic, induction of neutralizing antibodies in healthy volunteers ( ˃ 90%) 2/IM (0 & 14 days) Phase III [38, 52, 54, 55]
COVID-19 vaccine/ Wuhan Institute of Biological Products & Sinopharm Inactivated (SARS-CoV2 inactivation using β-propiolactone following production in Vero cells ) Unavailable Safe & immunogenic with low adverse reactions 2/IM (0 & 21 days) Phase III [52, 56]
BBIBP-CorV/ Beijing Institute of Biological Products & Sinopharm Inactivated (SARS-CoV2 inactivation using β-propiolactone following production in Vero cells ) Protection in macaques without ADE, robust neutralizing antibody responses in guinea pigs, mice, rats, rabbits & NHPs even with the lowest dose Safe & well-tolerated, robust immune response in 100% of vaccine recipients 2/IM (0 & 21 days) Phase III [52, 54, 57, 58]
AZD1222 (Covishield)/ University of Oxford & AstraZeneca Non-Replicating Viral Vector (ChAdOx1-S) Pneumonia prevention with intangible effects on SARS-CoV2 spread in NHP High safety, induction of antibody & T cell responses in ˃ 90% of cases 2/IM (0 & 28 days) Phase III [52, 59, 60]
Ad5-nCoV (Convidecia)/ CanSino Biological Inc. & Beijing Institute of Biotechnology Non-Replicating Viral Vector (adenovirus type 5 Vector carrying S protein) Unavailable Safe & immunogenic, induction of high RBD binding antibody in 94-100% & specific CD4+ & CD8+ T cell responses, high pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity 1/IM Phase III [52, 61]
Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V)/ Gamaleya Research Institute Non-Replicating Viral Vector (adeno-based (rAd26-S+rAd5-S)) Unavailable good safety, strong humoral & cellular immune responses (phase I & II trial but small sample), high efficacy (91.6%), immunogenicity & good tolerability in a large cohort study 2/IM (0 & 21 days) Phase III [52, 62, 63]
Ad26.COV2.S/ Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies
Non-Replicating Viral Vector (adenovirus Type 26 vector carrying S protein)
Immunogenicity & protective efficacy, detectable neutralizing antibody induction, effective viral clearance
Safe & immunogenic in younger & older adults
1/IM 2/IM (0 & 56 days)
Phase III
[52, 64, 65]
NVX-CoV2373/ Novavax Protein Subunit (Full length recombinant SARS CoV-2 S protein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix-M1) Anti-spike neutralizing antibody responses in animal models well-tolerated & safe, high levels of antibody induction 2/IM (0 & 21 days) Phase III [52, 66, 67]
mRNA-1273/ Moderna & NIAID RNA (novel LNP-encapsulated mRNA that encodes full-length S protein of SARS-CoV-2) Protection against SARS-CoV2 infection, induction of neutralizing antibodies & CD8+ T cells in mice models Considerable neutralizing antibody (100%) & CD4+ T cell responses, safe but causes severe complications in high doses 2/IM (0 & 28 days) Phase III [52, 68, 69]
BNT162b2 (Tozinameran or Comirnaty)/ BioNTech, Fosun Pharma & Pfizer RNA (codon-optimized mRNA encodes SARS-CoV-2 full-length S protein encapsulated in 80 nm ionizable cationic lipid nanoparticles) Protection in rhesus macaques and mice, high neutralizing antibody titers & Th1-biased cellular response in rhesus macaques and mice, induction of virus specific CD4+ & CD8+ T cells in macaques Well-tolerated & highly potent, safe & effective (95%), high neutralizing antibody induction, less systemic reactogenicity particularly in older adults 2/IM (0 & 21 days) Phase II/III [52, 70, 71]
COVID-19 vaccine/ Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical & Institute of Microbiology & Chinese Academy of Sciences
Protein Subunit (adjuvanted recombinant protein (RBD-Dimer) expressed in CHO cells)
Unavailable
Unavailable
3/IM (0, 28 & 56 days) 2/IM (0 & 28 days)
Phase III
[52]
QazCovid-in®/ Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems & Rep of Kazakhstan Inactivated (inactivated SARS-CoV-2) Unavailable Unavailable 2/IM (0 & 21 days) Phase III [52]
CVnCoV/ Curevac AG RNA (LNP encapsulated sequence optimized mRNA encodes for full length, pre-fusion stabilized SARS-CoV2 S protein) Immunogenicity & protective efficacy, robust antibody & T cell responses & full lung protection in NHPs Unavailable 2/IM (0 & 28 days) Phase III [52, 72]
Covaxin (BBV152 A, B, C)/ Bharat Biotech Inactivated (whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV2) Protective efficacy, increasing SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG & neutralizing antibodies, reducing virus replication in NHPs, pneumonia prevention without severe adverse events Unavailable 2/IM (0 & 28 days) Phase III [52, 73]
COVID-19 vaccine/ Institute of Medical Biology & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Inactivated (inactivated SARS-CoV2) Unavailable Unavailable 2/IM (0 & 28 days) Phase III [52]
CoVLP/ Medicago Inc. VLP (plant-derived VLP unadjuvanted or adjuvanted with either CpG 1018 or AS03 ) Antibody response induction in mice Unavailable 2/IM (0 & 21 days) Phase II/III [52, 74]
ZyCov-D/ Zydus Cadila DNA (plasmid DNA with mammalian expression promoters and the S gene) Antibody response including neutralizing antibodies & T-cell immunity induction in mice, guinea pig & rabbit models Unavailable 3/ID (0, 28 & 56 days) Phase III [52, 75]
UB-612/ COVAXX & United Biomedical Inc Protein Subunit (high-precision designer S1-RBD-protein containing a Th/CTL epitope peptide pool) Unavailable Safe & well-tolerated, induction of specific polyfunctional CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses, specific neutralizing antibodies (100%) 2/IM (0 & 28 days) Phase III [52, 76]
MVC-COV1901/ Medigen Vaccine Biologics, Dynavax & NIAID Protein Subunit (S-2P adjuvanted with CpG 1018 and aluminum hydroxide) Safe, highly immunogenic, & protective in hamsters (high neutralizing antibodies) Unavailable 2/IM (0 & 28 days) Phase II/III [52, 77]
SCB-2019/ Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc., GSK & Dynavax Protein Subunit (S-trimer protein formulated with either AS03 or CpG/Alum adjuvants) Virus protection, strong neutralizing immune responses in NHPs Safe & well-tolerated, induction of robust humoral & cellular immune responses with high neutralizing activity 2/IM (0 & 28 days) Phase II/III [52, 78, 79]
AG0301 COVID19/ AnGes, Takara Bio & Osaka University DNA (plasmid DNA vaccine developed using an intradermal gene transfer method expressing SARS-CoV-2 S protein) Unavailable Unavailable 2/IM (0 & 14 days) Phase II/III [52]
INO-4800/ Inovio Pharmaceuticals, International Vaccine Institute & Advaccine (Suzhou) Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd DNA (plasmid DNA encoding S protein with electroporation delivery mechanism) Induction of functional antibody & T-cell responses Immunogenic, induction of neutralizing antibodies as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses 2/ID (0 & 28 days) Phase II/III [52, 80, 81]