Definition of adverse pregnancy outcomes
Adverse pregnancy outcomes were defined as the following combined
neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes: (1) preterm birth, defined as
delivery before 37 weeks of gestation; (2) macrosomia, defined as birth
weight >4,000 g regardless of gestational age of the fetus;
(3) LGA birth, defined as birth weight
>90th percentile; (4) low “appearance,
pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration” (APGAR) score, defined as a
1-min APGAR score <5; and (5) pregnancy-induced hypertension,
defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mmHg or
diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg after 20 gestational
weeks.