Main Concepts
JNK signaling pathway, a downstream cascade in the depletion of mitochondrial GSH and formation of protein adducts in mitochondria, is implicated in GSH metabolism.
JNK signaling pathway, one of the 3 branches of the MAPK signaling pathway is activated by MAP3K such as ASK-1, MLK3 and GSK3βto MAP2K thus increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress. Upstream factors of JNK signaling pathway include ULK1/2, PKCα, Gab1, RIPK1, RIPK3, and the molecules related in ER stress and UPR.
JNK-mitochondrial signaling loop, a vicious circle, plays a central role in mechanism of APAP-induced liver injury to amplify oxidative stress.
JNK-mediated necrotic, apoptotic or other forms of cell death are dependent on different conditions in APAP-induced liver injury.
JNK signaling pathway in Liver Endogenous Immunity and Non-parenchymal Cells can promote liver cells against injury or may protect liver cells against APAP hepatotoxicity.
JNK signaling pathway improves restoration and regeneration of liver cells in the restoration and regeneration phase thus protecting liver cells.