https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1968.tb03455.x.
Kong CH, Zhang SZ, Li YH, Xia ZC, Yang XF, Meiners SJ, Wang P (2018) Plant neighbor detection and allelochemical response are driven by root-secreted signaling chemicals. Nature communications 9:3867. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06429-1.
Li H, Zhang DY (1999) Morphological characteristics and growth redundancy of spring wheat root system in semi-arid regions. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 10: 26-30 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Müller I, Schmid B, Weiner J (2000) The effect of nutrient availability on biomass allocation patterns in 27 species of herbaceous plants. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 3: 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00007.
Maina GG, Brown JS, Gersani M (2002) Intra-plant versus inter-plant root competition in beans: avoidance, resource matching or tragedy of the commons. Plant Ecol 160: 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015822003011.
Maire V, Gross N, da Silveira Pontes L, Picon-Cochard C, Soussana J-F (2009) Trade-off between root nitrogen acquisition and shoot nitrogen utilization across 13 co-occurring pasture grass species. Funct Ecol 23: 668-679. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01557.x.
McConnaughay KDM, Bazzaz FA (1991) Is physical space a soil resource? Ecology 72: 94-103. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938905.
Niklas KJ (2006) Plant allometry, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry, and interspecific trends in annual growth rates. Ann Bot 97: 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcj021.
O’Brien EE, Gersani M, Brown JS (2005) Root proliferation and seed yield in response to spatial heterogeneity of below-ground competition. New Phytol 168: 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01520.x.
Padilla FM, Mommer L, de Caluwe H, Smit-Tiekstra A, Wagemaker CHM, Ouborg NJ, de Kroon H (2013) Early root overproduction not triggered by nutrients decisive for competitive success belowground. PLos One 8: e55805. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055805.
Qin X, Niklas KJ, Qin L, Xiong Y, Li F (2012) The effects of domestication on the scaling of below- vs. aboveground biomass in four selected wheat (Triticum; Poaceae) genotypes. Am J Bot 99: 1112-1117. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100366.
Reich PB (2004) The world‐wide ’fast–slow’ plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto. J Ecol 102: 275-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12211.
Roucou A, Violle C, Fort F, Roumet P, Ecarnot M, Vile D (2018) Shifts in plant functional strategies over the course of wheat domestication. J Appl Ecol 55: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13029.
Schenk HJ (2006) Root competition: beyond resource depletion. J Ecol 94: 725-739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01124.x.
Schwinning M, Weiner J (1998) Mechanisms determining the degree of size asymmetry in competition among plants. Oecologia 113: 447-455. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1007/s004420050397.
Semchenko M, Hutchings MJ, John EA (2007) Challenging the tragedy of the commons in root competition: confounding effects of neighbour presence and substrate volume. J Ecol 95: 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01210.x.
Semchenko M, Saar S, Lepik A (2017) Intraspecific genetic diversity modulates plant–soil feedback and nutrient cycling. New Phytol 216: 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14653.
Semchenko M, Zobel K (2005) The effect of breeding on allometry and phenotypic plasticity in four varieties of oat ( Avena sativa L. ). Field Crops Res 93: 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.09.019.
Siddique KHM, Belford RK, Tennant D (1990) Root:shoot ratios of old and modern, tall and semi-dwarf wheats in a Mediterranean environment. Plant Soil 121: 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00013101.
Smith H (2000) Phytochromes and light signal perception by plants—an emerging synthesis. Nature 407: 585-591.
Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort BL (2011) Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 20260-20264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108.
Wang P, Weiner J, Cahill JF, Zhou DW, Bian HF, Song YT, Sheng LX (2014) Shoot competition, root competition and reproductive allocation inChenopodium acuminatum . J Ecol 102: 1688-1696. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12313.
Warton DI, Wright IJ, Falster DS, Westoby M (2006) Bivariate line-fitting methods for allometry. Biological Reviews 81: 259-291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793106007007.
Weiner J (2004) Allocation, plasticity and allometry in plants. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 6: 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00083.
Weiner J (2019) Looking in the wrong direction for higher-yielding crop genotypes. Trends Plant Sci 24: 927-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.07.001.
Weiner J, Andersen SB, Wille WKM, Griepentrog HW, Olsen JM (2010) Evolutionary agroecology: the potential for cooperative, high density, weed-suppressing cereals. Evolutionary Applications 3: 473-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00144.x.
Weiner J, Du Y, Zhang C, Qin X, Li F (2017) Evolutionary agroecology: individual fitness and population yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum ). Ecology 98: 2261-2266. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1934.
Weiner J, Rosenmeier L, Massoni ES, Vera JN, Plaza EH, Sebastià MT (2009) Is reproductive allocation in Senecio vulgaris plastic? Botany-botanique 87: 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1139/B09-012.
Wooliver R, Pfennigwerth AA, Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA (2016) Plant functional constraints guide macroevolutionary trade‐offs in competitive and conservative growth responses to nitrogen. Funct Ecol 30: 1099-1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12648.
Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M, Ackerly DD, Baruch Z, Bongers F, Cavender-Bares J, Chapin T, Cornelissen JHC, Diemer M, Flexas J, Garnier E, Groom PK, Gulias J, Hikosaka K, Lamont BB, Lee T, Lee W, Lusk C, Midgley JJ, Navas M-L, Niinemets Ü, Oleksyn J, Osada N, Poorter H, Poot P, Prior L, Pyankov VI, Roumet C, Thomas SC, Tjoelker MG, Veneklaas EJ, Villar R (2004) The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428: 821-827. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02403.
Zhai L, Xie R, Wang P, Liu G, Fan P, Li S (2016) Impact of recent breeding history on the competitiveness of Chinese maize hybrids. Field Crops Res 191: 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.02.017.
Zhang DY, Sun GJ, Jiang XH (1999) Donald’s ideotype and growth redundancy: a game theoretical analysis. Field Crops Res 61: 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(98)00156-7.
Zhu L, Zhang DY (2013) Donald’s ideotype and growth redundancy: a pot experimental test using an old and a modern spring wheat cultivar. Plos One 8: e70006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070006.
Zhu YH, Weiner J, Li FM (2019) Root proliferation in response to neighbouring roots in wheat (Triticum aestivum ). Basic Appl Ecol 39: 10-14.
Table 1 Effects of variety, soil fertility and partition on tiller number and biomass. F and P values are shown.