Transition dynamics

However, the economics-oriented modelling tools (Integrated Assessment Models, IAMs) used by the global policy making community (and the IPCC) have flaws that may prevent them from accurately internalizing the net energy costs of (depleting) technologies. As  result they may introduce present-state biases in their energy transition models \cite{Palmer_2018,Kaya_2017} and inherently resist the structural transformation of the energy system from relying on fossil stocks to renewable energy flows \cite{Geels_2018}. Therefore, it is important to complement these models with others that take a net energy perspective \cite{Raugei_2019,Rye_2018}\cite{Carbajales_Dale_2014}, taking into consideration the energy return on energy investment (EROEI) of all technologies involved \cite{Deng_2011}.