Figure 1. Map of the study extent, colours represent average annual temperatures (°C; bioclimatic variable 1) and black circles show butterfly recording sites, shaded to show any overlap of the points used to represent sites.
Figure 2. Representation of the piecewise structural equation model for testing the five hypotheses along with results. Blue lines represent significant negative associations and yellow lines represent significant positive associations. The thickness of the lines represents the standardised effect size. Dashed lines in grey are non-significant, these were retained as they test elements of the key hypotheses.
Figure 3. Selected relationships tested in the five hypotheses: a) Overall niche distance against species richness, b) Niche mismatch against log mean abundance, c) Niche mismatch against average population stability, d) Species richness against synchrony e) Average population stability against community stability, f) Synchrony against community stability. Lines show models fits and dashed lines 95% confidence intervals. All plots show model fits relative to partial residuals. Point colour represents the countries of the site.