3.21 PAH and MSCs
MSCs also have a significant ability to prevent the occurrence of PAH and reverse existing PAH in a manner similar to that of EPCs. Liu et al. found that MSCs can promote the repair of ECs through increasing the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of ECs to inhibit PAH. Inflammatory regulation also plays a role that cannot easily be overlooked, under the treatment of MSCs, the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as TGF-β, IL-1, and prostaglandin E2) were increased(A. Liu et al., 2020; J. Liu et al., 2021), the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and angiogenic factors (such as VEGF, vWF, and fibroblast growth factor) were significantly reduced(Bull, Clark, McFann, & Moss, 2010), what’s more, MSCs can attenuate the proliferation of dendritic cells (DCs) and secretion of IL-10 which inhibits the expression of CD80 and CD83 (which are co-stimulation factors of DC), and inhibiting the maturation of DCs(S. Zhang et al., 2018).
What’s more, the effect of exosomes and secretomes has also been experimentally verified, both murine MSC extracellular vesicles (mMSC-EXs) and human MSC extracellular vesicles (hMSC-EXs) have a significant healing effect on mouse PAH models (Figure 3)(Jason M. Aliotta et al., 2016; Bian et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2018; Lopatina et al., 2014).