Figure 3. Mechanism of stem cell therapy.
Stem cells can inhibit and reverse vessel pathological changes through numerous methods. Stem cells can inhibit the proliferation of SMCs and promote the differentiation of ECs. Of course, the secretory function also plays a critical role in efficacy and outcomes. Stem cells inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and promote the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors. Stem cells also secrete microvesicles and exosomes, and under the comprehensive effect, diseased blood vessel revert to normal blood vessels.
Table 1. Summary of recent literature regarding EPC immunological markers