Statistical analysis
To test whether the parasitism type and spatial scale modulates the host-switching intensity in the empirical cases analysed, a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) was performed using the lmer function from the ‘lme 4’ package (Bates et al. 2015). For this analysis the host-switching intensity, the type of parasitism as well as the spatial scale as fixed variables were included, and empirical cases were treated as random variables. After performing the LMM analysis, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine significant differences (p-value ≤ 0.01) using the Anova function in the ‘car’ package (Fox & Weisberg 2019). All statistical analyses were performed in R v.4.0.0 (R Core Team 2020) and Rstudio v.1.3.959 (RStudio Team 2020).