Compounds Full name/source Mechanisms of action Ref
MA-5 Mitochonic acid 5 PRKN-dependent mitophagy via activation of AMPK-SIRT3, improves mitochondrial function, suppresses oxidative stress, attenuates TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-induced inflammation (Huang, Liu & Jiang, 2019)
Puerarin Derived from Pueraria with antioxidant capacity Regulates mitochondrial fission and fusion, reactivates PINK1-PRKN-mediated mitophagy, alleviates inflammation by interfering with TLR4 (toll like receptor 4)-NFKB1 axis (Chen et al., 2018)
TMP 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine Blocks CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2)-CCR2 (C-C motif chemokine receptor 2)-mediated inflammation, maintains mitochondrial dynamics, alleviates oxidative stress, and activates mitophagy (Gong, Duan, Zheng, Ye & Hei, 2019)
Tributyrin A natural triglyceride that exists in butter  Enhances PRKN, ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and boosts membrane potential, eliminating oxidative stress (Wang et al., 2019)
Undecanone 2-Methyl nonyl ketone derived from H. cordata Mitophagy activation via inhibition of AKT1-MTORC1, and inhibits inflammation in vivo and in vitro (Wu et al., 2021)