REFERENCES
1. Wilmot EG, Mansell P. Diabetes and pregnancy. Clinical medicine
(London, England). 2014;14(6):677-680.
2. Hillier TA, Pedula KL, Schmidt MM, Mullen JA, Charles M-A, Pettitt
DJJDc. Childhood obesity and metabolic imprinting: the ongoing effects
of maternal hyperglycemia. 2007;30(9):2287-2292.
3. Li J-W, He S-Y, Liu P, Luo L, Zhao L, Xiao Y-BJBcd. Association of
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with subclinical atherosclerosis: a
systemic review and meta-analysis. 2014;14(1):132.
4. Göbl CS, Bozkurt L, Yarragudi R, et al. Biomarkers of endothelial
dysfunction in relation to impaired carbohydrate metabolism following
pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus. 2014;13(1):138.
5. Heitritter SM, Solomon CG, Mitchell GF, Skali-Ounis N, Seely
EWJTJoCE, Metabolism. Subclinical inflammation and vascular dysfunction
in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus.
2005;90(7):3983-3988.
6. Sullivan SD, Umans JG, Ratner RJCdr. Gestational diabetes:
implications for cardiovascular health. 2012;12(1):43-52.
7. Movahed MR, Hashemzadeh M, Jamal MM. Diabetes mellitus is a strong,
independent risk for atrial fibrillation and flutter in addition to
other cardiovascular disease. International journal of
cardiology. 2005;105(3):315-318.
8. Özer N, Yavuz B, Can I, et al. Doppler tissue evaluation of
intra-atrial and interatrial electromechanical delay and comparison with
P-wave dispersion in patients with mitral stenosis. 2005;18(9):945-948.
9. Cui QQ, Zhang W, Wang H, et al. Assessment of atrial
electromechanical coupling and influential factors in nonrheumatic
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. 2008;31(2):74-78.
10. Köse S, Aytemir K, Sade E, et al. Detection of patients with
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at risk for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
during sinus rhythm by P‐wave dispersion. 2003;26(9):431-434.
11. ÖZER N, AYTEMIR K, ATALAR E, et al. P wave dispersion in
hypertensive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
2000;23(11P2):1859-1862.
12. Acar G, Akcay A, Sokmen A, et al. Assessment of atrial
electromechanical delay, diastolic functions, and left atrial mechanical
functions in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. 2009;22(6):732-738.
13. 13. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy. Diabetes Care.2017;40(Suppl 1):S114-s119.
14. Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al. International association of
diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and
classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care.2010;33(3):676-682.
15. Quiñones MA, Otto CM, Stoddard M, Waggoner A, Zoghbi WA.
Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: a report
from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and
Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography. J
Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002;15(2):167-184.
16. Diabetes IAo, care PSGCPJD. International association of diabetes
and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and
classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. 2010;33(3):676-682.
17. Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes
mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1773-1779.
18. Pirkola J, Pouta A, Bloigu A, et al. Prepregnancy overweight and
gestational diabetes as determinants of subsequent diabetes and
hypertension after 20-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2010;95(2):772-778.
19. Archambault C, Arel R, Filion KB. Gestational diabetes and risk of
cardiovascular disease: a scoping review. Open Med.2014;8(1):e1-9.
20. Movahed M-R, Hashemzadeh M, Jamal MMJIjoc. Diabetes mellitus is a
strong, independent risk for atrial fibrillation and flutter in addition
to other cardiovascular disease. 2005;105(3):315-318.
21. Demir K, Avci A, Kaya Z, et al. Assessment of atrial
electromechanical delay and P-wave dispersion in patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus. J Cardiol. 2016;67(4):378-383.
22. Karabag T, Aydin M, Dogan SM, et al. Prolonged P wave dispersion in
pre− diabetic patients. 2011;69(6):566-571.
23. Sokmen A, Acar G, Sokmen G, et al. Evaluation of Atrial
Electromechanical Delay and Diastolic Functions in Patients with
Hyperthyroidism. Echocardiography. 2013;30(10):1194-1201.
24. Guler H, Seyfeli E, Sahin G, et al. P wave dispersion in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis: its relation with clinical and
echocardiographic parameters. Rheumatol Int. 2007;27(9):813-818.
25. Dogdu O, Yarlioglues M, Kaya MG, et al. Assessment of atrial
conduction time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J
Investig Med. 2011;59(2):281-286.
26. Acar G, Sayarlioglu M, Akcay A, et al. Assessment of atrial
electromechanical coupling characteristics in patients with ankylosing
spondylitis. Echocardiography. 2009;26(5):549-557.
27. ACAR G, AKCAY A, SAYARLIOGLU M, et al. Assessment of Atrial
Conduction Time in Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever.Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 2009;32(3):308-313.
28. Can I, Onat AM, Aytemir K, et al. Assessment of atrial conduction in
patients with scleroderma by tissue Doppler echocardiography and P wave
dispersion. Cardiology. 2007;108(4):317-321.
29. Yagmur J, Cansel M, Acikgoz N, et al. Assessment of Atrial
Electromechanical Delay by Tissue Doppler Echocardiography in Obese
Subjects. Obesity. 2011;19(4):779-783.
30. Efe TH, Cimen T, Ertem AG, et al. Atrial Electromechanical
Properties in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Echocardiography.2016;33(9):1309-1316.
31. Yasar AS, Bilen E, Bilge M, Ipek G, Ipek E, Kirbas O. P-wave
duration and dispersion in patients with metabolic syndrome.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(9):1168-1172.
32. Kraikriangsri C, Khositseth A, Kuptanon T. P-wave dispersion as a
simple tool for screening childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.Sleep Med. 2019;54:159-163.
33. Tezcan UK, Amasyali B, Can I, et al. Increased P wave dispersion and
maximum P wave duration after hemodialysis. Ann Noninvasive
Electrocardiol. 2004;9(1):34-38.
34. Akyel A, Oksüz F, Karadeniz M, et al. Atrial electromechanical delay
in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Wien Klin Wochenschr.2014;126(3-4):101-105.
35. Tsioufis C, Syrseloudis D, Hatziyianni A, et al. Relationships of
CRP and P wave dispersion with atrial fibrillation in hypertensive
subjects. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(2):202-207.
36. Dogan A, Kahraman H, Ozturk M, Avsar A. P wave dispersion and left
atrial appendage function for predicting recurrence after conversion of
atrial fibrillation and relation of p wave dispersion to appendage
function. Echocardiography. 2004;21(6):523-530.
37. Fu H, Liu C, Li J, et al. Impaired atrial electromechanical function
and atrial fibrillation promotion in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.Cardiol J. 2013;20(1):59-67.
38. Kato T, Yamashita T, Sekiguchi A, et al. What are arrhythmogenic
substrates in diabetic rat atria? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.2006;17(8):890-894.
39. Watanabe M, Yokoshiki H, Mitsuyama H, Mizukami K, Ono T, Tsutsui H.
Conduction and refractory disorders in the diabetic atrium. Am J
Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012;303(1):H86-95.
40. Li B, Pan Y, Li X. Type 2 Diabetes Induces Prolonged P-wave Duration
without Left Atrial Enlargement. J Korean Med Sci.2016;31(4):525-534.
41. Mahfouz RA, Moustafa TM, Goda M, Gad M. Atrial electromechanical
delay, and left ventricular strain in pre-diabetic patients. IJC
Metabolic & Endocrine. 2017;14:1-5.
42. Aldhoon B, Melenovský V, Peichl P, Kautzner J. New insights into
mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. Physiol Res. 2010;59(1):1-12.
Figure Legends
Figure 1. Atrial conduction time time(PA)