\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Characterization of the growth dynamics of holostemparasitic Cuscuta
species in the absence of hosts}



\author[1]{Alexander Zawaira}%
\author[1]{Luxi Chen}%
\author[1]{Li Zhou}%
\author[2]{Nikolay Bessonov}%
\author[3]{Vitaly Volpert}%
\author[1]{Junmin Li}%
\affil[1]{Taizhou University}%
\affil[2]{FSBIS Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering}%
\affil[3]{Institut Camille Jordan}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 22, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
1. Cuscuta species are rootless, leafless and branchless stems without
meaningful photosynthesis. Hence, sink-free and source-free mechanistic
growth models are possible yet remain unexplored. Furthermore,
phytohormone expression has not yet been studied in the absence of
hosts. 2. We use mass conservation in second-order differential
equations to build mechanistic models for Cuscuta growth dynamics and
UPLC-MS/MS to identify and mathematically score phytohormone expression.
3. We identified four sequential stages of growth -- exponential,
linear, parabolic deceleration and terminal stages and, in Cuscuta
chinensis, the phases are discernable by eye. 4. Analytical solutions to
the differential equations fit the growth data well and the model also
predicts faster growth in Cuscuta species with smaller seeds, in
agreement with the fact that Cuscuta chinensis attains terminal stage
faster than Cuscuta japonica. 5. We found evidence for stage-specific
phytohormone expression and for the existence of stem-wide phytohormone
gradients, especially for the Auxin components MEIAA and ICAId in
Cuscuta japonica. 6. We have built models for the roles of phytohormones
in Cuscuta growth dynamics, and performed ad hoc calculations which
suggest a continuously-increasing Cytokinin/Auxin ratio in growing
Cuscuta seedlings, thereby implying a maximum value beyond-which growth
slow-down begins. 7. Synthesis: We have created the first-ever
source-free and sink-free plant growth models using mass conservation in
second-order differential equations and in so-doing, uncovered four
growth stages in Cuscuta, observable by eye in Cuscuta chinensis. We
found stage-specific phytohormone expression and a likelihood of
stem-wide phytohormone expression gradients. We then brought it all
together by building models for the roles of phytohormones in Cuscuta
growth dynamics and by performing ad hoc calculations which have
suggested that the Cytokinin to Auxin ratio increases continuously in
growing Cuscuta seedlings, to perhaps attain a maximum value
beyond-which slow-down in growth begins.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`2_Cuscuta Growth Dynamics BES MANUSCRIPT.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/741165/articles/713590-characterization-of-the-growth-dynamics-of-holostemparasitic-cuscuta-species-in-the-absence-of-hosts}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

