REFERENCES
- Yetiş Sayın B, Oto A. Patent Foramen Ovale: A Practical and Imaging
Based Morphological Classification. EJCM 2022;10(2):47-56.
- Kent DM, Ruthazer R, Weimar C, et al. An index to identify
stroke-related vs incidental patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic
stroke. Neurology . 2013;81(7):619-625.
- Polat F, Kaya Z, Yaylak B, Onuk T. Comparison of Echocardiographic and
Clinical Characteristics in Embolic Stroke and Migraine Patients with
Patent Foramen Ovale. Echocardiography 2024. ECHO-2023-0577.
- Radico F, Foglietta M, Di Fulvio M, et al. The ’dreaded PFO’:
anatomical and functional features of high risk for stroke. Eur
Heart J Suppl . 2021;23(Suppl E):E189-E193.
- Hołda MK, Koziej M. Morphometric Features of Patent Foramen Ovale as a
Risk Factor of Cerebrovascular Accidents: A Systematic Review and
Meta-Analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis . 2020;49(1):1-9.
- Hart RG, Catanese L, Perera KS, Ntaios G, Connolly SJ. Embolic Stroke
of Undetermined Source: A Systematic Review and Clinical
Update. Stroke . 2017;48(4):867-872.
- Sposato LA, Chaturvedi S, Hsieh CY, Morillo CA, Kamel H. Atrial
Fibrillation Detected After Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A
Novel Clinical Concept Challenging Current Views. Stroke .
2022;53(3):e94-e103.
- Grygorowicz C, Benali K, Serzian G, et al. Value of HAVOC and Brown
ESUS-AF scores for atrial fibrillation on implantable cardiac monitors
after embolic stroke of undetermined source. J Stroke
Cerebrovasc Dis . 2024;33(1):107451.
- Meinel TR, Tsiplova K, Taylor A, et al. Chronic ischemic lesions and
presence of patent foramen ovale in young adults with embolic stroke
of undetermined source: Results of the young ESUS patient
registry. Int J Stroke . Published online December 11, 2023.
doi:10.1177/17474930231217917.
- George J, Sylaja PN, Sreedharan SE. Recurrence of Cryptogenic (ESUS)
Strokes in the First Year: Predictors and Outcome-A South Indian
Study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol . 2023;26(5):728-732.
- Clark A, Freedman B, Thomas L. Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source:
Urgency for Improved Aetiological Understanding and Patient
Treatment. Heart Lung Circ . Published online December 21, 2023.
doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2023.11.007
- Alakbarzade V, Keteepe-Arachi T, Karsan N, Ray R, Pereira AC. Patent
foramen ovale. Pract Neurol . 2020;20(3):225-233.
- Takaya Y, Nakayama R, Akagi T, et al. Importance of direct
right-to-left shunt as high-risk patent foramen ovale associated with
cryptogenic stroke. Echocardiography . 2021;38(11):1887-1892.
- Nakayama R, Takaya Y, Akagi T, et al. Identification of high-risk
patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke: development
of a scoring system. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019;32:811–816.
- Bejjani A, Khairani CD, Assi A, et al. When Direct Oral Anticoagulants
Should Not Be Standard Treatment: JACC State-of-the-Art
Review. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2024;83(3):444-465.FIGURE LEGENDFigure 1 . Patent foramen oval and embolic strokes of
undetermined source in cryptogenic stroke. ECG:
electrocardiogram; ESUS: embolic strokes of undetermined source; PFO:
permeable foramen oval.