Study populations
A total of 76 ESRD patients who received hemodialysis three times a week in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from March 2022 to November 2023 were selected. There were 40 males and 36 females with an average age of 48.9 ± 13.0 years. Exclusion criteria: (1) patients with poor echocardiographic image quality; (2) Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation or severe arrhythmia; (3) Patients with LVEF < 45% or records of ischemic heart disease; (4) Severe valvular heart disease and patients after valvular heart disease operation. In addition, 30 healthy people in the same period were selected as the control group. The research was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.