Methods
Consecutive patients with a pacemaker indication who underwent successful LBBAP were identified between July 2018 and March 2023. Patients who met the following criteria were included: 1) persistent AF; 2) mean heart rate (HR) < 60 bpm; 3) moderate or severe FTR. The severity of FTR was graded qualitatively with a multi-integrative approach, classified into three grades: mild = 1, moderate = 2, and severe = 3. FTR improvement was defined as adding at least one grade of FTR level. Echocardiographic parameters were followed up for one week and 6 months.