Data collection
Baseline characteristics were collected, including sex, age, and
medication history. The 2020 ESC guidelines[20]were followed when making the diagnosis of persistent AF. Other
electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters such as the intrinsic QRS duration
(QRSd), the paced QRSd, and the stimulus to left ventricular activation
time (s-LVAT) were measured. A 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram and
device interrogation were used to collect the mean ventricular rate and
pacing percentage. Pacing parameters, including pacing threshold, R-wave
sensing and impedance were also recorded.