Data collection
Baseline characteristics were collected, including sex, age, and medication history. The 2020 ESC guidelines[20]were followed when making the diagnosis of persistent AF. Other electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters such as the intrinsic QRS duration (QRSd), the paced QRSd, and the stimulus to left ventricular activation time (s-LVAT) were measured. A 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram and device interrogation were used to collect the mean ventricular rate and pacing percentage. Pacing parameters, including pacing threshold, R-wave sensing and impedance were also recorded.