Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethics approval was obtained from Amref Health Africa Ethics and
Scientific Review Committee, the National Commission for Science
Technology and Innovation, and Nairobi Metropolitan Services, Ministry
of Health, Kenya. Verbal permission to conduct the study was obtained
from five Kibera area chiefs, the local government administration
covering the 10 villages. Informed consent was obtained from all
participants, parents or caregivers, and assent from children age 12–17
years.