Figure 4. The effects of vortioxetine (VOR) and duloxetine (DLX) treatment on the mRNA expression of Ngf, Il-1β, and Tnf-α in knee tissue from male (A) and female (B) rats with monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis. Knee tissues were isolated 28 days after MIA/saline injection and mRNA expression of Ngf, Il-1β , andTnf -α was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. VOR/DLX was administered orally once daily for 28 days after MIA injection. Statistical significance was determined in comparison with the saline control group (#P < 0.05,##P < 0.01) or MIA control group (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test. Data are plotted as mean ± SEM.