The study of the role of biogenic amines in the counterregulatory response to starvation is complicated by the amines' broad involvement in many physiological processes. This promiscuity impedes the attribution of an aminergic manipulation to a specific phenotype. In invertebrates, OA and TA act as neurotransmitters, -hormones, and -modulators on many, if not all, physiological processes (reviews: Roeder 2005Farooqui 2012). These processes include, but are not limited to, locomotion regulation Saraswati 2004Brembs 2007, aggression Baier 2002Hoyer 2008Zhou 2008, determining the state of the animal Gorostiza 2016, feeding behavior Long 1983Nisimura 2005, mobilization of energy metabolites Mentel 2003 and, upstream of DA, appetitive olfactory learning Hammer 1993Schwaerzel 2003Burke 2012Liu 2012.