Assessment of the Harvest-Based Initiative in Tanzania’s protected
areas: addressing management issues and challenges
Abstract
Harvest-based Initiatives (HBI) are local communities’ responsible use
of wildlife resources to raise living standards and reduce unlawful
activities in protected areas. It includes fishing, beekeeping, local
hunting, and other resources. Although it has the potential for
conservation and supporting livelihoods, it is not well-known in some
areas of Tanzania. This study examines the implementation and management
of HBI in the Ugalla game reserve and the challenges it encounters to
ensure the sustainable utilisation of wildlife resources. We gathered
data from 141 trade union members using a semi-structured questionnaire
pre-tested with 30 members. Data collected included general
characteristics, criteria for joining a union, participation in HBI, and
challenges faced. We performed a reliability analysis test and a
validity check to ensure the questionnaires are trustworthy and the data
collected was accurate. Descriptive data were analysed using
percentages, and the Chi-square test (X2) and generalised linear model
were used to determine differences and factors affecting community
decision-making satisfaction. Qualitative data from professional and
trade union leaders were analysed using content analysis. Results showed
significant involvement of trade union members in decision-making and a
strong correlation between membership and satisfaction. Challenges faced
included corruption, closing fishing camps, poaching, change of game
reserve managers, hunting companies, and awareness of game reserve laws.
Local communities set conditions for HBI participation and exclude those
without legal access to wildlife resources. If there are any issues
regarding the practice, then they are addressed through negotiation
between the trade union and the game management. Additionally, groups
that share the same ethnicity tend to adhere to established norms,
taboos, traditions, and historical practices in managing wildlife
resources to sustain the well-being of their local communities.
Therefore, regulations are needed for local communities’ use of
resources in protected areas for their livelihoods and support of
conservation