Abstract

India's environmental policy framework has undergone significant transformation since independence, but effective implementation remains a challenge. This research examines the evolution of environmental policy in India, focusing on key challenges and promising sustainable development initiatives. The study adopts a comprehensive approach, analyzing relevant legal documents, policy reports, scientific literature, and data from government agencies. It also incorporates stakeholder perspectives and insights from civil society organizations. The research identifies air and water pollution, land degradation, deforestation, and climate change as major environmental challenges facing India. Promising sustainable development initiatives include renewable energy, energy efficiency, waste management, and sustainable agriculture. However, these initiatives face challenges related to implementation, enforcement, and long-term effectiveness evaluation. The research proposes a series of recommendations, including policy reforms, institutional capacity building, innovation and technological advancements, green financing mechanisms, and international cooperation. It emphasizes the importance of public participation, inter-agency collaboration, and leveraging technology for effective environmental governance. The research concludes that India needs to prioritize effective implementation of existing policies and explore innovative approaches to address emerging environmental challenges. By adopting a holistic strategy that integrates environmental considerations into all policy domains, empowers communities, leverages technology, and fosters international collaboration, India can achieve a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable future.