In Peru, 29,292 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2022. Although tuberculosis treatments are effective, 3.4-13% are associated with significant adverse drug reactions, with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) considered the most predominant. Among the first-line antituberculosis drugs, isoniazid (INH) is the main drug responsible for the appearance of DILI. In liver, INH is metabolized by N-acetyltransferase-2 ( NAT2) and cytochrome P450 2E1 ( CYP2E1). Limited information exists on genetic risk factors associated with the presence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to anti-tuberculosis drugs in Latin America, and even less is known about these factors in the native and mestizo Peruvian population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of NAT2 and CYP2E1 genotypes in native and mestizo population. An analytical cross-sectional analysis was performed using genetic data from mestizo population in Lima and native participants in south of Peru from the EPIGEN - Brazil project. NAT2 acetylator genotype was determined as fast, intermediate and slow, and CYP2E1 genotypes were classified as c1/c1, c1/c2 and c2/c2, from molecular tests and bioinformatic analyses. Of the 472 participants, 36 haplotypes were identified in the mestizo population and 6 haplotypes in native population paired with NAT2. In mestizo population, the most frequent NAT2*5B and NAT2*7B haplotypes were associated with DILI risk; while in natives, NAT2*5G and NAT2*13A haplotypes were the most frequent and associated with decreased risk of DILI. For CYP2E1, c1/c1 and c1/c2 genotypes are the most frequent in native and mestizo populations, respectively. The linkage disequilibrium of NAT2 and CYP2E1 SNPs was estimated using the solid spine method, detecting a block between all SNPs native population. In addition, a block between rs1801280 and rs1799929 for NAT2 was detected in the mestizo population. Despite the limitations of a secondary study, it was possible to report associations between NAT2 and CYP2E alleles with Peruvian native and mestizo population by prevalence ratios. The results of this study will help the development of new therapeutic strategies for a Tuberculosis efficient control between populations.

The current search for host-susceptibility variants for COVID-19 contrasts with the fact that the study of the genetic architecture of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) has been neglected. For human/SARS-CoV-2 interactome genes ACE2, TMPRSS2 and BSG, there is only one convincing evidence of association in Asians with influenza-induced SARS for TMPRSS2-rs2070788, tag-SNP of the eQTL rs383510. This case illustrates the importance of population genetics and of sequencing data in the design of genetic association studies in different human populations: the high linkage disequilibrium (LD) between rs2070788 and rs383510 is Asian-specific. Leveraging on a combination of genotyping and sequencing data for Native Americans (neglected in genetic studies), we show that while their frequencies of the Asian tag-SNP rs2070788 is, surprisingly, the highest worldwide, it is not in LD with the eQTL rs383510, that therefore, should be directly genotyped in genetic association studies of SARS in populations with Native American ancestry.