Background Pharmacotherapies are widely used for smoking cessation. However, their effect on smoking cessation for people with alcohol dependence remains unclear. Objective This study aimed to explore the effects of pharmacotherapies on smoking cessation for people with alcohol dependence. Methods Five electronic databases were searched in January 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the use of pharmacotherapies to promote smoking cessation in people with alcohol dependence. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool. RevMan version 5.3 was used to perform meta-analyses of the changes in smoking behavior, and the GRADE approach was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. Results Nine RCTs involving 908 smokers with alcohol dependence were identified. Eight RCTs were published in the United States, and one was from Canada. The risk of bias was rated as low in three studies and unclear in the remaining six. The results of the meta-analysis showed that, compared with the placebo group, Varenicline had a significant effect on short-term smoking cessation (three RCTs, OR = 6.27, 95% CI: [2.49, 15.78], p < 0.05, very low certainty). Naltrexone had no significant effect on smoking cessation in short-term or long-term observations (three RCTs, OR = 0.99, 95% CI: [0.54, 1.81], p = 0.97, moderate certainty), and Topiramate had no significant effect (two RCTs, OR = 1.56, 95% CI: [0.67, 3.46], p > 0.05, low certainty). Only one trial reported that Bupropion had no effect on smoking cessation. Conclusion Varenicline may have a positive effect on smoking cessation in people with alcohol dependence. However, Naltrexone, Topiramate, and Bupropion seem to have no clear effect on increasing smoking abstinence among drinkers. The small number of studies and the low certainty of evidence indicate that caution is required in interpreting the results.

Background：Depression is one of the most common and specific symptoms among postmenopausal women, leading to significant personal, family, and economic burdens. Some studies have shown that phytoestrogens can help relieve symptoms of depression. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the efficacy and safety of phytoestrogens in treating depression among postmenopausal women. Methods: A comprehensive search for relevant studies published until November 25, 2020, was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Statistical analyses were performed with Stata12.0, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0, and Review Manager 5.4. Results: 2,183 studies were identified and 10 studies were included, involving 1,248 participants. The quality of the four studies was assessed as high risk, six studies were assessed as unclear. The analyses conducted according random effects model indicated a positive effect on depressive symptoms for postmenopausal women compared to the placebo (SMD=-0.45; 95% [CI]= -0.60 to -0.29; Q=40.42, df=18, P=0.002; I2=55.5%). The high dose phytoestrogens (dose>100mg/day) have better effectiveness (SMD =-0.48; 95%[CI]= -0.76 to -0.20; I2=52.8%, P<0.05) than low dose (25mg/day≤dose≤100mg/day) (SMD=-0.45; 95%[CI]=-0.68 to-0.23; I2=66.7%; P>0.05) and ultralow dose (00.05). Isoflavones had better effectiveness (SMD=-0.52; 95% [CI]= -0.75 to 0.30; I2=65.8%, P<0.05) than lignans of phytoestrogens (SMD= -0.23; 95% [CI]= -0.05 to 0.01; I2=0%, P>0.05). The effectiveness varies in regions. The adverse reactions frequently reported were gastrointestinal symptoms and cold or upper respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: Phytoestrogen can relieve depression symptoms among postmenopausal women. High-dose isoflavones is the most effective. Although mild adverse reactions have been reported, phytoestrogen could be considered as a complementary treatment for postmenopausal depression.

Background: Traditional radiotherapy is difficult to carry out definite treatment without damaging the adjacent brain parenchyma. Many studies have shown that the physical properties of carbocation radiation therapy allow treatment to reduce damage to critical structures and thus improve patient survival. Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Carbon ion or Carbon ion combination radiation therapy in improving meningioma. Materials and Methods: The related studies published from January 1, 1951 to August 1, 2020 were searched comprehensively on PubMed, Cochrane Library, China Biomedical Literature Database, Web of Science, EMBASE. The extracted data included studies focused on rates and types of adverse events were sorted and classified by excel, and the overall survival and local control rates data were further analyzed with R software, Results: In eight included studies and 506 individuals, the three-year survival rate and annual local control rate of benign meningiomas were 100%. The one-year, two-year and 5-year survival rates of patients with atypical meningioma were 100%, 95% and 50%. The one-year and two-year survival rates of patients with recurrent intracranial meningiomas were 90% and 71% respectively. The one-year and two-year local control rates of non-benign meningiomas were 53% and 33% respectively. Headache, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, and hearing impairment were the most common toxic reactions, with incidences of 19.4%, 23.7%, 9.1% and 9.1%, respectively.

Background：Menopause-related symptoms are now a major public health concern and depression is one of the most common and specific symptoms of post-menopause. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of different kinds of phytoestrogens in the remission of depression for postmenopausal women. Methods: A comprehensive search for relevant studies published between January 1, 1951 and June 30, 2020 was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Web of Science and EMBASE. Endnote X9 was used for screening articles, the Stata12.0 and Review Manager 5.3 for analyzing data. Results: Phytoestrogens had a have a significant positive effect on depressive symptoms for climacteric women compared to the placebo (SMD=-0.51; 95% [CI]=-0.74 to -0.29; I2=72.4%; P<0.05). The effectiveness in isoflavones (SMD=-0.64; 95% [CI]=-0.97 to -0.32; I2=56.2%, P>0.05) is slightly better than non-isoflavones (SMD=-0.5; 95%[CI]=-93 to -0.07; I2=72.8%, P<0.05). The total intake of phytoestrogens in the high dose group was the most effective in alleviating the symptoms of postmenopausal depression (SMD=-0.69; 95%CI=-1.09 to -0.35, P<0.05). Postmenopausal women in Europe had the best improvement in efficacy after taking phytoestrogens (SMD=-0.72, 95% CI=-1.09 to -0.35, I2=65.5%, P<0.05). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that phytoestrogen significantly reduce depression among postmenopausal women, with more effect for larger dosages. Phytoestrogen should be considered as a safe and effective complementary medicine for postmenopausal symptoms in place of estrogens.