Advancements in wearable electronics have been propelled by the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). The proliferation of electronic devices and sensors, fueled by the growth of IoT, heavily relies on power sources, predominantly batteries, with significant implications for the environment. To address this concern and reduce carbon emissions, there is a growing emphasis on renewable energy harvesting technologies, among which triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) play a pivotal role. Textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (T-TENGs) stand out as innovative and sustainable solutions, possessing characteristics including large contact area, lightweight design, flexibility, comfort, scalability, and breathability. These smart wearables harness mechanical energy from human movement, converting it into electric energy. However, one of the persistent challenges is low electric power output. Decisive solutions involved meticulous selection of material pairs with significant differences in work function and optimizing contact areas. The incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene, emerges as a key strategy to enhance multifunctionality and output. While carbon-based nanomaterials offer impressive surface area, roughness, and electron mobility, the full potential of these structures remains untapped due to a lack of collaboration among experts in TENGs, textiles, and carbonaceous nanofillers. Herein, the recent progress of carbonaceous nanofillers incorporated T-TENG is presented. This review delineates recent progress in T-TENGs incorporating carbonaceous nanofillers, comprehensively addressing fundamental classification, operational mode, structural design, and working performance. Furthermore, the analysis also delves into potential challenges hindering commercialization. By presenting a comprehensive overview, this review aims to foster collaboration across diverse research fields and stimulate future investigations into sustainable, high-performance smart wearables.